Structure of DNA
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is coiled around proteins called _______________ which explains how a meter long strand can fit into a cell that is microscopic.
histones
What are the three types of RNA called?
mRNA (Messenger)
rRNA (Ribosomal)
tRNA (Transfer)
Each codon is how many bases long?
3
What type of mutation is it when one base is changed?
Substitution
What bonds hold the backbone of the DNA structure together AND what bond holds together the nitrogenous bases (best friends) together?
1. Covalent
2. Hydrogen
Who is the "unzipper", the "builder" and the "gluer"?
1. Helicase
2. DNA Polymerase
3. Ligase
What are the three differences between DNA and RNA?
1. RNA sugar - ribose
2. Single stranded
3. Has uracil instead of thymine
mRNA, tRNA
What type(s) of mutations effects can be dramatic?
Insertions/Deletions
How many rings are in purines and pyrimidines? What best friends (bases) are purines and what best friends (bases) are pyrimidines?
Purines: 2 (Adenine & Guanine)
Pyrimidines: 1 (Cytosine & Thymine)
How long does it take for one chromosome to be replicated?
Several Hours!
WHERE is DNA copied into a single strand of mRNA?
The nucleus
What determines the amino acid?
anticodon
Substitutions are _________ mutations while Deletions/Insertions are ___________ mutations.
point; frameshift
What are the three basic parts that make up DNA?
1. 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base (four kinds)
In most prokaryotes, what has to be present for DNA replication to start?
Regulatory Protein
What region of the DNA is the "start" signal telling the "unzipper" and "builder" to do its job?
Promoter
Where does Translation take place?
In the ribosome
What are the four types of chromosomal mutations?
1. Deletion
2. Duplication
3. Inversion
4. Translocation
What are the building blocks of DNA?
Nucleotides
What are the tips of chromosomes called? When they run down, what enzyme helps build them back up?
Telomeres; Telomerase
What separates the DNA strand and assembles the chain of mRNA?
RNA Polymerase
Once the ribosome reaches a stop codon, what is released from the ribosome which ends up with the creation of proteins?
Amino Acid Chain
When the wrong base is inserted or a base was skipped what can occur?
Mutations