Transcription and RNA processing
In alternative splicing what is expressed?
Exons
How many amino acids are there?
20
What do prokaryotes use to regulate?
Operons
What are the two categories of Mutations?
Chromosomal and Point
What direction are nucleotides added to in DNA Replication?
5' to 3'
Name 2 modifications to mRNA transcript in Eukaryota cells that allow transcription
poly A tail and GTP cap
Ribosomes
This type of operon is anabolic
Repressible
What determines if a mutation is good, bad, or neutral
The environment
What is the primary source of hereditary material?
DNA and sometimes RNA
-Enzyme that pries the DNA strands apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotide (synthesizes mRNA)
RNA Polymerase
Briefly describe the three steps of transcription
Initiation- process starts mRNA searching for start codon
Elongation- when polypeptide gets longer, RNA polymerase adds to RNA complementary nucleotides
Termination- The process stops, terminates sign that RNA transcript is complete
The inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence
Epigenetic inheritance
The uptake of naked DNA
Transformation
When the original strand pairs with a template strand (DNA)
Semiconservative
Name the 2 of the 3 types of RNA molecules and functions
mRNA- carries genetic information
tRNA- link between mRNA and chain of amino acids
rRNA- helps form ribosomes
What type of RNA carries the anti-codons
tRNA
Allows transcription factors to bind to DNA allowing transcription to occur
Histone Acetylation
Name 3 things that can cause a Mutation
-Errors in DNA Replication
-Errors in DNA repair
-Radiation
-Reactive Chemicals
-Certain types of Infections
-Environmental Factors
-etc
What is PCR used for?
Produce many copies of a specific target sequence of DNA
What is the purpose of the G-cap
This cap protects mRNA from degradation and assists in ribosome binding during translation.
Explain the shape/look of a ribosome and the sites it has
Small and Large subunits
E-site- the exit site
P site-hold the tRNA
A site- binding site for trna
What are the non-coding rna and their functions?
miRNA-n degrade/ block transcription by silencing target genes
siRNA- blocks/interferes gene expression
Name 5 of the 8 types of Mutations talked about and what they do
-Deletion- A chromosomes gets removed
-Inversion- Chromosome gets added
-Translocation- A chromosome piece breaks off and gets moved
-Duplication- Extra chromosomes are formed
-Frameshift- Shifts all the nucleotides in a certain direction
-Silent- mutation that does not change the amino acid coded for
-Missense- singular amino acid changed
-Nonsense- Codes for a stop codon early
How do negative regulatory moles work?
Inhibit gene expression by blocking transcription