Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration
Recovery
Short and long term effects of exercise
Force
Levers
100

1. Which type of respiration requires oxygen?

2. Which type of respiration produces lactic acid?

1. Aerobic respiration

2. Anaerobic respiration

100

What does EPOC stand for?

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption

100

What happens to heart rate during exercise?

It increases.

100

What is force measured in?

Newtons (N)

100

Name the three parts of a lever.

Fulcrum, effort and load/ resistance

200

Complete the equation:
Glucose + _____ → Carbon dioxide + water

Oxygen

200

State why oxygen is needed after exercise.

To remove lactic acid.

200

Name three short-term effects of exercise.

  • Heart rate increases.
  • Breathing rate increases, and more oxygen enters the lungs.
  • Adrenaline is produced and released into the blood.
  • Tidal volume increases.
  • Minute ventilation increases.
  • Blood flow and oxygen supply to the working muscles increase.
  • Production and removal of carbon dioxide increase.
  • Lactic acid production increases.
  • Stroke volume increases.
  • Cardiac output increases.
  • The skin becomes redder, vasodilation of blood vessels closer to the skin occurs, and more blood flows into vessels closer to the skin.
  • Body temperature and muscle temperature increase.
  • Sweat production and sweating increase.
  • Fatigue and feelings of tiredness occur.
  • Nausea, light-headedness, or feelings of being unwell may occur.
  • Blood pressure increases.
200

1. The resistance to a change in motion is known as? 

2. Which of Newtons laws does this relate to 

1. Inertia 

2. Newtons 1st Law

200

Draw a second class lever, labelling the 3 components of the lever

Fulcrum resistance effort 

^ v ^

300

Name one advantage of aerobic respiration.

Produces large amounts of energy / can continue for long periods.

300

EPOC occurs after which energy system has been used?

Anaerobic

300

Which changes are short-term effects and which are long-term effects?

  • Increased heart rate
  • Lower resting heart rate
  • Increased breathing rate
  • Increased stroke volume

Short-term:

  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased breathing rate
  • Increased stroke volume

Long-term:

  • Lower resting heart rate
  • Increased stroke volume
300

1. What is the equation for force

2. define each letter in the equation 

3. State how each is measured

F=m x a

Force= A push or pull action applied to an object. Newtons (N)

Mass= The amount of matter in an object. Kilograms (kg)

Acceleration= The rate at which velocity changes. Metres per second squared (m/s²)

300

During elbow flexion, what is the falcrum

Elbow joint.

400

Describe, using examples of a different situations from one named physical activity, when there is a change in energy demand (must identify what respiration is used)

example: Football: A player sprints to reach the ball (anaerobic) and then slows down or pauses to look for a pass (aerobic).

400

Identify 4 factors that affect recovery time

  • Intensity of exercise
  • Age
  • Sleep
  • Quality of equipment
  • Overtraining
  • Overall level of strength and fitness
  • Genetics
  • Diet
  • Hydration
  • General health / body weight
  • Muscle groups exercised
  • Levels of lactic acid / ability to tolerate or remove lactic acid
  • Lifestyle
  • Environment
400

Describe 3 long-term changes to the heart as a result of regular aerobic exercise.

  • The cardiac muscle increases in strength.
  • The size of the ventricle increases.
  • The walls of the ventricle thicken.
  • The cardiac muscle becomes stronger, slightly larger, and beats more powerfully.
  • The heart can work at a maximum level for longer without being under stress.
  • Resting heart rate decreases.
  • Stroke volume increases.
400

Explain how two named forces act on a sprinter when they are running.

Gravity:
Pulls the sprinter towards the ground.

Air resistance:
Acts against the direction of the sprinter, slows the sprinter down, and increases as the sprinter runs faster.

Muscular force:
The leg muscles generate force to propel the sprinter forwards.

Ground reaction force:
As the sprinter pushes against the blocks or ground, the blocks or ground push back against the sprinter.

Friction:
Spiked running shoes create greater friction between the foot and the track, preventing the sprinter from slipping.

Accept other appropriate examples.

400

For heading a ball in football:

1. What class of lever is this an example of?

2. What is the fulcrum?

1. First-class lever

2. The neck joint (between the skull and the vertebral column)

500

Describe three differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

  • Anaerobic respiration converts glucose into energy without oxygen being present, whereas aerobic respiration converts glucose into energy with oxygen being present.
  • In anaerobic respiration, energy can only be released for a short period of time, while aerobic respiration can release energy for a long period of time.
  • Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid, whereas aerobic respiration does not produce lactic acid.
  • The waste product of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid, while the waste products of aerobic respiration are water and carbon dioxide.
  • During anaerobic respiration, muscles fatigue quickly and are used during high-intensity activities, whereas aerobic respiration allows muscles to maintain contractions for a long period of time.
  • Anaerobic respiration creates an oxygen debt, while aerobic respiration does not create an oxygen debt.
  • Anaerobic respiration releases energy quickly, making it suitable for high-intensity exercise, whereas aerobic respiration releases energy more slowly and is associated with lower-intensity exercise.
500

Describe the process of Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) during recovery (3 marks)

  • After exercise, the body takes in excessive amounts of air/oxygen, breathing rate stays high, and reduces gradually.
  • Heart rate stays high and reduces gradually.
  • Body temperature stays high and reduces gradually.
  • Removes carbon dioxide.
  • Removes lactic acid.
  • Allows the performer to maintain high rates of aerobic respiration to aid recovery, and aids the return of the body to its normal state.
  • Restores glycogen.
500

State three long-term effects of exercise that a cross-country runner may experience.

  • Hypertrophy, skeletal muscle size increases, heart size increases, and the heart walls become thicker.
  • Strength increases and contractions become stronger.
  • Resting pulse rate decreases (bradycardia).
  • Stroke volume increases, and the volume of blood pumped in a single beat increases.
  • Maximal cardiac output increases, and the volume of blood pumped in one minute increases.
  • The heart returns to its resting rate more quickly, resulting in a faster recovery time.
  • Risk of heart disease decreases.
  • Lactic acid tolerance increases.
  • Cardiovascular endurance increases, allowing a person to work harder and for longer.
  • Body fat decreases.
  • Blood pressure decreases.
  • VO₂ max increases.
500

A 70 kg footballer accelerates at 3 m/s². A 90 kg rugby player accelerates at 2 m/s². 

1. How much force does each athlete produce? with correct measurement. 

2. Which athlete produces the greater force?

Footballer: F = 70 × 3 = 210 N
Rugby player: F = 90 × 2 = 180 N

The footballer produces the greater force.

500

Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of a third-class lever.

  • Advantage: Produces a large range and speed of movement.
  • Disadvantage: Requires a large effort force. 
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