The History Books
Known as the "Father of Genetics," he studied inheritance using pea plants.
Who is Gregor Mendel?
These are the three parts that make up a single DNA nucleotide.
What are a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base?
This enzyme acts like a zipper, unwinding and separating the DNA strands.
What is Helicase?
While DNA is double-stranded, RNA usually has this many strands.
What is one (single-stranded)?
This general term refers to a single "building block" unit of a larger molecule.
What is a monomer?
This duo discovered the "Transforming Principle" using mice and two strains of strep bacteria.
Who are Griffith and Avery?
This rule states that the amount of Adenine always equals Thymine, and Cytosine equals Guanine.
What is Chargaff's Rule?
DNA replication is called this because each new molecule has one "old" strand and one "new" strand.
What is semi-conservative?
Instead of Thymine (T), RNA contains this nitrogenous base.
What is Uracil (U)?
These are the monomers that make up proteins.
What are amino acids?
Using radioactivity and bacteriophages, these two scientists proved DNA (not protein) is the genetic code.
Who are Hershey and Chase?
These types of weak bonds hold the nitrogenous bases together in the center of the helix.
What are Hydrogen bonds?
This enzyme reads the template and adds new nucleotides, but only in the 5' to 3' direction.
What is DNA Polymerase?
DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose; RNA uses this sugar.
What is ribose?
DNA is found here in the cell to keep it safe and protected.
What is the nucleus?
She used X-ray crystallography to produce the first clear image of the DNA molecule.
Who is Rosalind Franklin?
This term describes the "opposite direction" orientation of the two DNA strands (5' to 3' vs 3' to 5').
What is anti-parallel?
These short segments of DNA are created on the lagging strand because it must wait for the helix to unwind.
What are Okazaki fragments?
DNA is a permanent copy of genetic info, while RNA is described as this (lasting only a short time).
What is transient?
DNA replication occurs during this specific phase of the cell cycle.
What is the S phase?
These three scientists used enzymes (Protease, RNAase, DNAase) to prove DNA is the transforming macromolecule.
Who are Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod?
These larger, double-ringed molecules (A and G) always pair with smaller, single-ringed molecules (T and C).
What are Purines and Pyrimidines?
This enzyme acts like "glue," attaching all the new nucleotides together in a continuous strand.
What is DNA Ligase?
This is the "Central Dogma" of biology, showing the flow of information.
What is DNA → mRNA → Protein?
This enzyme creates the RNA "starting point" for DNA construction to begin.
What is Primase?