Cladograms
On a cladogram, each node or intersection point represents this evolutionary event.
What is a common ancestor?
Layers of rock contain remains of ancient organisms, known by this term, which show gradual trait changes over time.
What are fossils?
This evolutionary force introduces new alleles into a population's gene pool by changing the inheritable A/T/G/C sequence (aka in one's egg or sperm cells).
What is mutation?
T. rex's modern day cousin.
What are chickens?
This represents time passing on a cladogram.
What does the length of a line mean?
Similarities in early development, like gill slits in fish and human, are used as evidence for common ancestry in this field.
What is embryology?
A small population of birds is blown to a new island, and by chance, only a few traits are represented—this is an example of this evolutionary force.
What is genetic drift?
First animals to evolve wings and fly.
What are insects?
Give 2 things that are true about the "loss of tail" trait.
(On powerpoint)
- loss of tail only happened for chimpanzees and humans
- ring-tailed lemur, spider monkey, and rhesus monkey all have tail
- trait that evolved first in the ancestor shared by chimpanzees and humans
The more closely related two species are, the larger percentage of this they share in common.
What is DNA (sequence)?
When a few dolphins from one pod in Lake Michigan migrate and reproduce in a new pod in Lake Ontario, they contribute to this process, which alters allele frequencies.
What is gene flow?
A vestigial trait humans share in common with cats, fish, and many birds and reptiles.
What is the nictitating membrane, often called the third eyelid?
**Bonus: +150 points if you name 4 other vestigial traits in humans.**
These cladograms show the same relationships. T or F?
(On powerpoint)
True
What is this an example of?: Tiny muscles around the human ear can still wiggle, especially in some people, though they once helped our ancestors better detect threats.
What is an example of a vestigial structure?
If peacocks with brighter feathers are more likely to mate and pass on their genes, this evolutionary force is at play.
What is non-random mating?
Due to poaching, recently, natural selection has been favoring elephants that...
have no tusks!
Find an analogous structure on this cladogram.
(On powerpoint)
What are 4-chambered hearts?
What are each of these comparisons examples of?
1. Whale Arm vs. Human Arm
2. Whale Arm vs. Fish Fin
What is an example of...
1. homologous
2. analogous structures?
**Bonus: +150 points if you can state how they each prove that evolution happened.**
A rabbit produces 100 offspring, and only the fastest running offspring survive the wolf to be able to reproduce. All offspring inherit the traits of the surviving rabbits.
What is natural selection?
UV ray exposure affected this evolutionary trait in humans across the world.
What is human skin color?
**Bonus: +150 points if you can name why individuals with the gene for darker skin face health risks in low-UV areas AND why individuals with the gene for lighter skin face health risks in high-UV areas.**