Miscellaneous
Through direct experience with animals, we anticipate that dogs will bark and birds will chirp. This best illustrates:
Associative Learning
An organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it?
Habituation
Created the Social Learning theory?
Albert Bandura
The law of effect relates most closely to:
Operant Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):
Conditioned Stimulus
Provide reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses (unpredictable reinforcement)—slot machines
Variable-ratio schedules
Luke gets paid a fixed sum after every four pianos he tunes. He is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.
Fixed Ratio
Two major tents of Observational/Social Learning.
Modeling and Vicarious Learning
For some children who bite or bang their heads, squirting water at their faces when they hurt themselves has decreased the frequency of these self-abusive behaviors. This best illustrates the potential value of:
Punishment
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):
Unconditioned Stimulus
Learning occurs before the subject realizes it and is not immediately reflected in behavior. A cognitive map storing a mental image.
Latent Learning
Learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli.
Discrimination
Positive, constructive helpful behavior
Prosocial Behavior
Procedure: reinforcers (food) gradually guide an animal’s actions toward the desired behavior (Making an animal move closer and closer to the bar to receive food).
Shaping Behavior
Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become tainted from being in the sun too long. Not long after eating, Brian became extraordinarily nauseated and felt awful. After that, even the sight of a tuna sandwich caused Brian to feel nauseated. In this scenario, what is the conditioned response (CR)?
Nausea
Mirror neurons are important to the process of learning because they:
Enable Imitation
The passive resignation produced by repeated exposure to negative events that are perceived to be unavoidable
Learned Helplessness
We observe and imitate others; we learn to anticipate a behavior's consequences...this is an example of what phenomenon?
Observational Learning.
A LEARNED reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer.
Conditioned/Secondary Reinforcer
The predictability of an association between a CS and the US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective
Cognitive
Requires a RANDOM amount of time to elapse before giving the reinforcement.
Very hard to get acquisition but also very resistant to extinction.
Variable Interval
Andrew works at a GM factory and is in charge of attaching three parts. After he gets his parts attached, he gets some free time before the next car moves down the line.
Fixed Ratio
Learning that depends on the mental activity that is not directly observable
It involves such processes as attention, expectation, thinking, and memory
Cognitive Learning
You do things you know have no real impact on reality because that one time you did it, the team won.
Superstitious Behavior
Relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
Learning