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100
Define catheterization
The insertion of a tube into a patient's bladder via the urethra to aid in urination.
100
All of the following crystals will normally be found in a urine specimen with a pH of 8.0, EXCEPT?
Ammonium biurate
Triple Phosphate
Calcium carbonate
Uric acid
Uric acid
100
What are the regions of the nephron?
Glomerulus, Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, Collecting duct.
100
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
100
What is the size of Albumin?
66 KD
200
A patient comes in complaining of burning sensation when urinating, cloudy urine and the feeling that they constantly need to urinate. What type of sample would be best to help diagnose this patient?
Midstream clean catch (random)
200
What is microalbuminuria an early indicator of?
Renal disease
200
What principle do reagent strips use to measure protein?
Protein error of indicators
(albumin and other proteins bind dye that results in the shifting of the dyes spectrum, results in a color change)
200
You receive a neonatal urine sample in the lab, upon opening the sample you note there's a distinct smell of maple syrup. What disease is this associated with?
Branched chain amino-aciduria
200
What is normal urinary specific gravity range?
1.002-1.035
300
What is the ideal screening specimen? Why?
First morning specimen; the concentration of urinary solutes is at it's highest
300
What is glomerulonephritis?
Inflammation of the glomerulus / kidney
300
What crystal is commonly found in acidic urine and is usually non-pathogenic?
Calcium oxalate or Uric acid
300
The reagent strip test for ketones measures which ketone specifically?
Acetoacetate
300
What is the preferred preservative for urine specimens?
Refrigeration
400
How does aldosterone effect the nephron?
Acts on the Distal convoluted tubule and Collecting duct to increase reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium.
400
What is the maximum concentrating power of the kidneys? (what is the maximum physiological specific gravity)
1.040
400
Reabsorption of most solutes under normal physiological conditions occurs where is the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
400
What is oliguria?
Low daily urine volume (400ml/day)
400
Identify these cells. What organism is responsible for this type of cell?
Clue cell
Gardnerella vaginalis
500
Which two tests on the reagent strip share a Diazo reaction method?
Bilirubin and Nitrite
500
Why can renal damage be a cause of anemia?
Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney
500
Where are casts formed?
Lumen of distal convoluted tubule or collecting duct
500
You are doing refractometry to measure specific gravity of a urine sample from a patient who recently had an x-ray. You have measured the sample twice and you keep getting 1.050 as a result. When you use the reagent strip you get a reading of 1.015. What is the most probable reason for the discrepancy
Radiographic dyes
500
What changes does unpreserved urine undergo?
Increased bacterial growth, nitrite, pH and turbidity
Decreased glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, cells and casts
600
What is the main dissolved organic solid in urine?
Urea
600
What pH of urine would these crystals be found in?
Acidic
600
An unpreserved urine turns black while standing. Which two abnormal substances in urine would this indicate?
Homogentisic acid & melanin
600
what type of cast indicates the most severe urinary stasis?
Broad waxy casts
600
What causes false positives with the blood reaction on a UA test strip?
Bleach and other oxidizers
700
You receive an urine specimen in the lab from a known diabetes mellitus patient. You note that the urine is very cloudy and perform the dipstick test. The urinary glucose reaction is very low, but the nitrite reaction is very high. What is the best explanation for this?
UTI with nitrate reducing bacteria
700
What stain can I use to verify oval fat bodies in urine?
Sudan 3 or Oil red O
700
What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Water, Sodium, Chloride, Bicarb, Potassium, Calcium, AA and Protein, Glucose
700
Calculate the creatinine clearance.
Urine creatinine: 500mg/L
Plasma creatinine: 8mg/L
Urine volume (24hr): 1.5L
65 ml/min
CC = U * V / P
U = urinary creatinine in mg/dL
V = volume of urine in ml/min
P = plasma creatinine in mg/dL
700
How would I identify a fluid as urine?
Urea concentration