Structure & Anatomy
What region of the kidney contains the renal corpuscles?
Cortex
Which nephron segment reabsorbs the greatest amount of water and nutrients?
PCT
What is the normal GFR?
125 mL/min.
Blood pressure would decrease due to the release of:
ANP
How can the lungs compensate for metabolic alkalosis?
Decrease breathing rate and depth, causing CO₂ accumulation and lowering pH.
What structure directly receives filtrate from the glomerulus?
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Which nephron segment is permeable to water but not salts?
Descending limb of the nephron loo
Calculate NFP.
HPgc = 52 mmHg
HPcs = 12 mmHg
OPgc = 32 mmHg
8
(52 − (12 + 32) = 8)
Blood volume would increase due to the release of:
Aldosterone
Which mechanism helps correct metabolic acidosis?
Increase breathing rate and depth.
In the kidney, a concentration of approximately 1200 mOsm is found at the:
Bend of the nephron loop (hairpin turn)
Which nephron segment is impermeable to water but permeable to salts?
Ascending limb of the nephron loop.
Which of the following would increase GFR?
Dilated afferent arteriole
Which hormone directly inserts aquaporins into principal cells?
ADH
A patient with severe COPD develops respiratory acidosis. Which compensatory response occurs?
Increase H⁺ excretion into the urine
Which capillary network surrounds the nephron loop and maintains the concentration gradient?
Vasa recta
What process establishes the medullary concentration gradient?
Countercurrent multiplier
High NaCl levels reaching the macula densa cause what change?
Constriction of the afferent arteriole.
Which hormone increases blood calcium levels and decreases phosphate reabsorption?
PTH
How can the kidneys compensate for metabolic alkalosis?
Increase excretion of HCO₃⁻ into the urine
What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder?
Transitional epithelium
What process maintains the concentration gradient by exchanging water and salts with the blood?
Countercurrent exchange
Which pressure opposes filtration the MOST?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPgc)
Which hormone increases GFR and urine production while decreasing blood volume?
ANP
True or False:
Potassium, magnesium, and phosphate are the predominant intracellular electrolytes.
True