City Life & Urbanization
This term describes when people moved from rural areas to cities.
What is urbanization?
These corrupt public officials controlled many cities through political machines.
Who are party bosses?
This term was used to describe journalists who exposed America's social, political, and environmental problems in the early 1900s.
What are muckrakers?
This natural resource was required to run factories in the 1800s but led to major environmental issues.
What is coal?
Many children in the 1900s did this instead of attending school.
What is work (or worked for wages to support their families)?
Immigrants often lived in these types of neighborhoods to preserve their customs and stay together.
What are ethnic neighborhoods?
This practice involved politicians granting jobs to friends even if they were unqualified.
What is patronage?
This author wrote the 1906 novel The Jungle.
Who is Upton Sinclair?
This term describes the clearing of trees to make way for farmable land.
What is deforestation?
These three hazards posed risks to factory workers: sharp blades, cotton dust, and this.
What are fire hazards?
By the 1920s, this social class began moving outside cities to live in nice one-family homes.
What is the middle class?
The Pendleton Act was passed to reform this government system.
What is the civil service system?
Upton Sinclair's The Jungle exposed these conditions in meat packing plants.
What are unsanitary conditions?
The extraction of natural resources and burning of coal caused these two types of pollution in urban areas.
What are air and water pollution?
Industrial jobs typically brought these two groups of people to the cities.
Who are rural residents and immigrants?
This neighborhood in New York had 450,000 people crammed into a small area in 1900.
What is the Lower East Side?
Political machines strived to get this, which came with possessing political power.
What is money and influence?
By exposing problems in industry, muckrakers helped spark this broader movement for change.
What is the Progressive movement (or reform movement)?
Buildings, roads, and sidewalks made of this flammable material created fire protection problems.
What is wood?
This is one reason the gap between rich and poor grew in the late 1800s—it had to do with wages and living costs.
What is wages increased more slowly than the cost of living?
What are amusements or theaters?
Politicians showed corruption by passing legislation that favored these entities over average citizens.
What are big businesses?
Muckrakers wrote books exposing problems in these three areas of American society.
What are social, political, and environmental problems?
This advancement in the 19th century—involving technology, transportation, and communication—changed the American landscape.
What is industrialization?
These laws made it legal to segregate whites from blacks in schools, hospitals, and buses.
What are Jim Crow Laws?