Waterways and Coasts
This ocean borders the eastern coast of the United States.
Atlantic Ocean
This president promoted the Square Deal, intervened in the 1902 coal dispute, and signed food-safety laws.
Theodore Roosevelt
This Lakota political and spiritual leader helped unite resistance to U.S. demands and Native land loss.
Sitting Bull
This practice put children in jobs that could be dangerous and keep them from attending school.
Child Labor
The expansion of factories and machine production.
Industrialization
This river flows from Minnesota southward to the Gulf of Mexico through the central United States.
Mississippi River
This positive label praised business leaders for creating jobs, improving industry, and donating wealth.
Captains of Industry
This earlier immigration pattern mainly brought people from Northern and Western Europe.
Old Immigration
This connection made coast-to-coast travel and shipping faster and encouraged western settlement.
Transcontinental Railroad
This reform movement called for government action to address social, economic, and political problems.
Progressivism
This group of five large freshwater lakes lies along the U.S.–Canada border.
Great Lakes
These designated areas restricted where Native communities could live and limited access to traditional hunting grounds.
Reservations
This ocean borders California, Oregon, and Washington.
Pacific Ocean
This means protecting and carefully managing natural resources for future generations.
Conservation
This U.S. Army officer attacked a Native village at Little Bighorn and died with the soldiers under his immediate command.
General Custer
Workers formed these organizations to bargain together for better pay, shorter hours, and safer conditions.
Labor Unions
This steel businessman later donated much of his fortune to libraries, education, and research.
Andrew Carnegie
This river forms much of the border between Texas and Mexico.
Rio Grande
This negative label criticized business leaders for unfair practices and exploiting workers.
Robber Barons
This later immigration pattern brought more people from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italy.
New Immigration
This law offered settlers land if they lived on it and made improvements for five years.
Homestead Act
These investigative writers exposed corruption and abuses to encourage public demands for reform.
Muckrakers
This major mountain range runs through the eastern United States, roughly parallel to the Atlantic coast.
Appalachian Mountains
Institutions such as Carlisle separated Native children from their communities and tried to replace their languages and customs.
Boarding Schools
This bay opens to the Pacific at the Golden Gate on the northern California coast.
San Francisco Bay
This presidential program aimed to control corporate abuses, protect consumers, and conserve natural resources.
Square Deal
Native forces won this 1876 battle, but U.S. military pressure and Native land loss continued afterward.
Battle of Little Bighorn
During these actions, workers refuse to work to pressure employers to address their demands.
Strikes
This businessman built Standard Oil and gained control over much of the oil-refining industry.
John D. Rockefeller
This river flows through the Grand Canyon in Arizona.
Colorado River
This exists when one business controls a market with little or no effective competition.
Monopoly
These apartment buildings housed multiple families and were often crowded and poorly equipped.
Tenements
This belief claimed the United States was destined to expand across North America.
Manifest Destiny
This author wrote a novel exposing harsh working conditions and unsanitary meat processing.
Upton Sinclair
This major western mountain range stretches through states including Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado.
Rocky Mountains
This process involves adopting another culture. Federal policies pressured Native people to adopt white American culture.
Assimilation
This major river runs south through Northern California’s Central Valley toward the delta connected to San Francisco Bay.
Sacramento River
This president followed Theodore Roosevelt and brought more antitrust lawsuits than his predecessor.
William Howard Taft
In this 1890 event, U.S. troops killed many Lakota people, including women and children.
Wounded Knee Massacre
This 1894 labor conflict began after a company cut wages without lowering rents in its company-owned housing.
Pullman Strike
Nicknamed the “Commodore,” this businessman built his fortune in steamships and railroads.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
This river follows the southern borders of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois before joining the Mississippi.
Ohio River
A steel company buys iron mines, railroads, and steel mills to control every stage of production. What business strategy is this?
Vertical Integration
This attitude favors people born in a country over immigrants and can encourage discrimination against newcomers.
Nativism
This invention sent coded electrical messages quickly over wires.
Telegraph
This novel by Upton Sinclair described exploitation of workers and disturbing conditions in the meatpacking industry.
The Jungle
This broad region of mostly flat or gently rolling land lies east of the Rocky Mountains.
Great Plains
This 1851 law provided funding to move Native peoples onto reservations.
Indian Appropriations Act
This river forms much of the Washington–Oregon border before reaching the Pacific.
Columbia River
Signed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1906, this law helped protect consumers from contaminated or falsely labeled foods and medicines.
Pure Food and Drug Act
Richard Henry Pratt founded this Pennsylvania boarding school, where Native American children were pressured to abandon their languages and customs.
Carlisle Indian School
This movement used Christian teachings to support helping people in poverty and improving social and working conditions.
Social Gospel
This banker combined Carnegie’s steel business with other companies to organize U.S. Steel.
J. P. Morgan
This major tributary of the Mississippi flows from Montana across the northern and central Great Plains.
Missouri River
An oil company buys competing refineries to reduce competition. Which business strategy is it using?
Horizontal Integration
This 1882 law barred Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States for ten years.
Chinese Exclusion Act
This 1830 law supported moving Native nations west of the Mississippi River and opening their homelands to settlers.
Indian Removal Act
Farmers burdened by falling crop prices, debt, and high railroad charges helped support this political movement.
Populism
This mountain range lies mainly in eastern California, near the border.
Sierra Nevada
This law divided reservation land into individual plots and opened land labeled “surplus” to outsiders.
Dawes Act