Industrialization
Factors that helped expand industry in the 1800's
cheap labor, territory expansion and finding resources, innovations in technology
Treaty that ended the Mexican War
Guadalupe Hidalgo, US gains southwest, CA, annexes TX
Carnegie; Rockefeller; Vanderbilt
Carnegie: Expanded steel empire
Rockefeller: Expanded oil empire
Vanderbilt: Expanded and connected railroads
Battle of Fort Sumter
First fight of the Civil War, in which Confederates laid siege to a federal fort in Charleston South Carolina. Lincoln tried to supply the troops there, and Confederates would not allow it. Confederates began firing on the fort, and federal troops fired back. The Union troops finally surrendered.
The Reconstruction amendments
13-Abolishes Slavery
14-Birthright citizenship, Due Process
15-Right to vote for men (incl Black men)
Working conditions
low pay, unsafe and tedious work, long hours, taking work home, children working
Slave Revolts
Harper's Ferry
Nat Turner
Early labor unions
AFL; NLU; Knights of labor
Battle of Bull Run
Early civil war battle in which Confederates received timely reinforcements and beat back the Union army in northern Virginia. Gathered spectators were caught up in the retreat, to their horror. Confederates showed that this would not be an easy or short war.
Jim Crow Laws
laws that limit the ability of African-Americans to work, vote, move in public, gain education, marry, etc.
Bessemer Process
purifying iron ore to make STEEL
36"30' Dividing line, states north are free, south are slave
Battle of Antietam
Fought in and around corn fields in Maryland, the brutal battle was the single bloodiest/deadliest day in U.S. history. While the battle was undecided, Union General McCLellan failed to order pursuit of the retreating Confederates, extending the war. The location of the "bloody lane" in which thousands of rounds of rifle fire were exchanged in tight, close range
Freedmen's Bureau
Federal Program to start up schools and work programs in the south after the CW, enforced by federal troops; southerners were resistant and funding ran out in just a few years
Effects of the Growth of Railroads
increase in specialization; increased demand for natural resources; interdependence between cities and towns; increased spread and size of cities
Dred Scott Decision
Escaped slave living in free territory sues for his freedom; SC rules that he is "property" and therefore has no right to sue for freedom, and his owner has a right to keep him
Monopolies and Trusts
One business buying up all the competitors to eliminate competition; all businesses in an industry colluding to set prices, etc and eliminate competition
Battle of Gettysburg
Multi-day battle in Pennsylvania in which the Union Army fended off the Confederate attempt to invade the North. Union forces took the high ground on several hills, including Cemetery Ridge, and withstood Confederate advances, including "Pickett's Charge." President Lincoln gave a world-famous speech there four months later, at the dedication of the memorial cemetery. Gen. Meade failed to pursue retreating Confederates, extending the war.
Ways that blacks' ability to vote was limited post-Civil War, especially in the South
literacy tests, grandfather clauses, poll taxes
Reasons why workers formed unions
better pay/benefits; improve working conditions
Compromise of 1850
AKA the "California Compromise," in which CA was admitted to the Union as a free state, certain midwestern territories, (including Kansas), were admitted under popular sovereignty, and the Fugitive Slave Act was passed.
Sherman's March
Commanding the Union forces in the South, Sherman ordered a march from Atlanta to Savannah, GA, not only attacking Confederates but also burning farms, fields, and supplies along the way. When Sherman reached the coast, Lee's Confederate Army was trapped between Sherman to the south and Grant to the north. Lee then surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox, VA courthouse.
Plessy v Ferguson
1890's Supreme Court case in which Homer Plessy (7/8) bought a ticket for a boarded a whites-only train car in LA. Plessy was convicted of breaking the law; with support from a local advocacy group, Plessy appealed his conviction. The Supreme Court found that "separate" is Constitutional so long as it is "equal."