Key Science Skills
What is included in a hypothesis?
IV, DV, and Direction/Prediction
Also, population
What is the Somatic Nervous Systems role
The somatic nervous system carries sensory information from the body to the CNS and transmits motor commands from the CNS to skeletal muscles, enabling voluntary movement.
______ is stress experienced as a positive psychological state
eustress
The individual whose behaviour is watched by the learner is called a __________. Name one.
Model
Symbolic or Live
A type of sensory memory which temporarily stores auditory information
Echoic memory
A newborn infant requires ________% of NREM Sleep
65% NREM
Describe the three types of sampling
Convenience: readily available members
Random: every member of the population has the same chance of being selected
Stratified: selecting people from the population in a way that ensures that its strata (subgroups) are proportionally represented in the sample
What is GABA?
A neurotransmitter that typically produces an inhibitory effect
What is coping flexibility
An individual’s ability to recognise when a strategy is no longer effective and to adjust or change their coping strategies depending on the unique and changing demands of a stressor.
What is Negative Punishment and give an example
a type of consequence that involves the removal of a desirable stimulus, which in turn decreases the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring. E.g. Taking away a students phone, so they won't go on it in class.
What is retrieval?
The process of accessing information which has been previously stored
What is total sleep deprivation?
When an individual does not sleep during a 24-hour period
What is informed consent?
Participants understand the nature of the research, including any potential benefits and risks, before agreeing to participate.
Neurons that communicate neural impulses between neurons
Interneurons
What is cortisol?
A hormone which energises the body when under stress
What is LTP (need to include one thing that is happening on a neural level)
The long-lasting strengthening of connections between neurons due to repeated coactivation of Pre and post synaptic Neuron causing a Increased amount of receptor Sites on Post Synaptic Neuron.
What is Alzheimer's disease and what causes it?
A neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons and memory capabilities. Causes are neurofibrillary Tangles and Amyloid Plaques
What is an EEG?
A device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain
What is beneficence?
The benefits of the experiment outweigh the harm caused to the participant.
NT = effect on one postsynaptic neuron, short-lasting effects, fast
NM = effect on multiple postsynaptic neuron, long-lasting effects, slow
What occurs in the exhaustion stage?
A stage of responding to a stressor that occurs when the body’s energy is depleted and it can no longer maintain high levels of arousal
What are the conditions for classical conditioning to occur?
The NS needs to be presented immediately before the UCS.
For learning to occur, the CS needs to produce the CR without the presence of the UCS.
What memories does the Cerebullum encode, give an example.
Implicit Procedural Memories, like brushing your teeth.
What is circadian phase disorder?
A sleep disorder which interferes with the normal regulation of the circadian rhythm of sleep, leading to a change in the sleep-wake cycle
What is order effects?
Can occur in a within-subjects experimental design. This confounding variable is due to the order in which participants partake in the experimental and control conditions.
Describe the three Mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, and which of these link to LTP or LTD
Sprouting the ability of dendrites or axons to develop new extensions or branches (LTP)
Rerouting the ability of a neuron that is connected to a damaged neuron to create an alternative synaptic connection with an undamaged neuron (LTP, LTD)
Pruning the elimination of synaptic connections that are not adequately activated (LTD)
What are the main things you need to include when explaining the Gut brain Axis
Bidirectional Connection, between the CNS and the Enteric NS connected via the vagus nerve.
Imagine you used to love your job. Then suddenly, a grumpy boss arrives. Soon, just the very sight of the grumpy boss may generate a feeling of anxiety and avoidance. Before you know it, you’ve started to dislike the work you used to love.
What is the NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR?
What is synaptic plasticity?
NS: Work
UCS: Boss
UCR: Anxiety
CS: Work
CR: Anxiety
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Repeating information over and over again to functionally enhance the duration of short-term memory and transfer information to long-term memory
What is the difference between Circadian and Ultradian Rhythm
Circadian: biological and behavioural changes that occur as part of a cycle that lasts around 24 hours where Ultradian: biological and behavioural changes that occur in a cycle that lasts less than 24 hours
What is the difference between repeatability and reproducibility
Repeatability: the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when carried out under identical conditions within a short period of time (e.g. same procedure, observer, instrument, instructions, and setting)
Reproducibility: the extent to which successive measurements or studies produce the same results when repeated under different conditions
Explain the process of Spinal reflex when standing on a sharp pin.
Sensory Receptors in the foot receive the feeling of the pin, sensory neurons carry the neural message via afferent pathways to the spinal cord, where the interneurons relay the information to motor neurons, where the neural message travels via efferent pathways to the skeletal muscles in the foot to remove from the pin. Then the message is received to the brain processing the pain
Draw the Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Model of Stress and Coping on the board
300 for each Correct Appraisal
Name the 8 Ways of Learning
Story-sharing, Learning maps, Non-verbal, Symbols and images, Land links, Non-linear, Deconstruct/ Reconstruct, Community links
2 = 100 points roughly
All 8 = 600 points roughly
Explain the Mnemonic, Songlines, referencing it's importance to country
multimodal performances conducted as a family or community travels through Country and spaces in the landscape that record journeys, link important sites, and describe ways to live, care for, and nurture Country.
Explain the biological mechanisms of the sleep-wake cycle, by drawing the diagram on the board.
The SCN receives external cues (absence of light at night). The SCN also receives internal cues (clock genes). (1 mark)
After receiving both internal and external cues, the SCN sends neural messages (signals) to the pineal gland to produce and release melatonin. (1 mark)
The pineal gland releases melatonin into the bloodstream, which promotes feelings of calm and relaxation, therefore promoting sleep. (1 mark)
In the morning, the SCN receives external cues (presence of light at night). (1 mark)
This signals for the adrenal cortex to produce and secrete cortisol to promote alertness to wake up. (1 mark)