Cardio
Baroreceptors are responsive to ...
Changes in mean arterial pressure
Clinical features of hyperthyroidism
•Increased metabolic rate: Soft, warm, and flushed skin, heat intolerance
•Cardiac manifestations: Tachycardia, palpitations, cardiomegaly, arrhythmia
•Sympathetic nervous system overactivity: Tremor, hyperactivity, emotional lability, anxiety, inability to concentrate, and insomnia.
•Ocular changes: Wide, staring gaze and lid lag; thyroid ophthalmopathy associated with proptosis occurs only in Graves disease
•Skeletal system: Osteoporosis with increased risk of fractures, skeletal muscle weakness and atrophy
What are some causes of microcytic anemia?
Iron deficiency
Thalassaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease/inflammation
Sideroblastic anaemia
Lead poisoning
What are some causes of right sided heart failure
parenchymal lung disease
primary pulmonary hypertension
How does aldosterone work in increasing BP?
Aldosterone raises blood pressure by promoting sodium and water retention and potassium excretion
BNP is released from?
ventricular cardiomyocytes during increased wall stress
Describe thyroid storm
Dangerous, rapid heart rhythms like atrial fibrillation, high-output heart failure, and severely elevated blood pressure.
Profuse sweating, vomiting, severe diarrhea, jaundice, and abdominal pain.
What is the most severe malaria caused by?
P.Falciparum
What type of antibiotics are susceptible to B-Lactamase?
Penicillins
If a heart rhythm is irregular, how would you calculate HR using ECG (in a 10 second trace)
no of r waves x 6
Name the three types of cardiomyopathies
Dilated cardiomyopathy (most common)
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (least common)
Thyroid hormone are transported across cell membranes by specialized transmembrane carrier proteins..called?
Monocarboxylate Transporter
How does malaria cause ischemic attack?
RBC becomes infected causing protein receptors to become sticky and clot together causing endothelial injury
Describe two pathologies with bleeding
(hint: to do with haemostasis- Billy Tong lecture)
1. Primary haemostasis; initial plug is unable to form
2. Secondary haemostasis: plug is not reinforced thus it gets washed away and broken down
What is the recommended view for chest xray? Postero-anterior or antero-posterior?
PA because AP shows magnification of the heart and widening of mediastinum
In low doses, NO relaxes..
Venous smooth muscle
Which 2 arteries supply the thyroid
superior and inferior thyroid arteries
What are four red blood cell appearances you would be concerned to see in a patient presenting with anemia?
Schistocytes, Spherocytes, Red cell agglutination, Polychromasia
Polycythemia vera patients may have repeated DVT and major bleeding episodes- why do they get DVT and major bleeding episodes?
PV increases viscosity of blood therefore DVT recurrence, platelets non-functional thus major bleeding episodes
What are the three causative frameworks for anemia?
1.You are not making enough from the bone marrow (Production issue)
2.They are getting destroyed (destruction problem)
3.Losing them somewhere (losses)
What is prinzmetal angina?
•Uncommon
•coronary artery spasm
•Attacks unrelated to physical activity, HR or BP, can occur at rest
Responds well to vasodilator
How is thyroid hormone protected from enzymatic attacks or renal excretion?
Bound to plasma protein makes it biologically inactive
What WBC disorders can present with neutrophilia?
Myeloproliferative disordersCML, primary myelofibrosis
leukemoid reactions
Describe P53's role in protecting the genome
If there is DNA damage, it allows cellular senescence or apoptosis (growing old or dying asap)
P53 is inhibited by proteins encoded by oncogenic DNA viruses
What are the four chemotherapy agent classes?
Hint : 2 "agents" and 2 "anti-XYZ"
Alkylating agents
Anti-metabolites
Anthracyclines
Anti-microtubule agents