Nervous System
Why are compressed nerve injuries easier to regenerate than transected? (2 reasons, just need 1 for points)
Axons are damaged, not severed
Connective Tissue Tubes guiding recovery are still intact
Describe the defining quality of each type of bone formation (50 pts each)
Intramembranous ossification: Mesenchymal cells give rise to osteoblasts directly (no cartilage intermediate)
Endochondral Ossification: Mesenchymal cells --> chondroblasts --> cartilage --> eventual bone replacement
What are the two branches of the 2nd part of the Axillary Artery? Which muscles do each vascularize
Thoracoacromial Trunk: Pec major and minor (delts + traps also accepted)
Lateral Thoracic: Serratus Anterior
The AC Joint connects which two bones. What is an injury to this region called (50 pts each)
Clavicle to Scapula. Separated shoulder
After a long night at Queens, Smit falls asleep with their armpit draped over a wooden chair. What is this called, what nerve is compressed, and what is the effect?
Saturday night palsy, radial nerve compressed, wrist drop
Somatic Motor Pathways use a one motor neuron pathway to control voluntary skeletal muscle contractions. Autonomic Pathways use two.
Describe the Following: (75 points each)
Pre vs. Postganglionic Neuron Length in the two branches of the ANS
Where the ganglia are located for each branch
Where the spinal nerves originate for each branch
The pre and post ganglionic neurotransmitter used in each
Sympathetic: Short pre / Long post
Para: Long pre / short post
Ganglia in Sym: Right outside the CNS (SC)
Ganglia in Para: Closer to effectors
Origin of Sym: Thoracodorsal
Origin of Para: Craniosacral
Sym Pre: Ach // Sym Post: Ach OR NE
Para Pre: Ach // Para Post: Ach
The gluteus maximus is an important muscle in hip extension. Hamstrings also assist with hip extensions. The hamstrings are a ___ to the glutes
Synergist
What muscle stabiliizes the scapula to the posterior wall, especially during a push-up?
What is its innervation and vasculature? Which root does its innervation stem from?
Pec Minor, medial pectoral nerve, C8-T1
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Post. Longitudinal Ligament
Ligamentum Flavum
Supraspinous Ligament
Limit hyperextension
Limit hyperflexion
Limit hyperextension
Limit hyperflexion
Patient Q was peacefully trying to eat their food outside when a bug came and decided to join the party. Which muscles were involved with:
a) rotating the hand in a position to swat (palm downward)
b) snapping the hand outward
4 muscles total, 50 points each
Pronator quadratus and teres
Extensor Carpi Radialis and E.C. Ulnaris
For each: Their function (7 words or less) and whether they work in CNS or PNS (50 pts each):
Oligodendrocyte, satellite cells, astrocyte, ependymal cells, Schwann Cells, microglia
Oligodendrocyte: Myelin producers of CNS
Satellite: Insulate PNS soma, nutrient/waste exchange
Astrocyte: BBB in CNS
Ependymal: Prod/circulate CSF in CNS
Microglia: Phagocytes/immune cells of CNS
Schwann Cells: Myelin makers of PNS (one axon at a time)
Describe each type of joints and somewhere you'd find each type (100 pts each)
Synovial: Movement b/w bones (many types)
Cartilaginous: Bones conn by cartilage, some mvmt sometimes, but not always; epiphyseal growth plates or intervertebral discs
Fibrous Joints: No mvmt at all; sutures, flat bones of cranium
How does the distribution of blood after being pumped out by the aorta differ beetween the right and left side of the body?
No brachiocephalic trunk on the left side, straight to carotid artery.
The erector spinae is located __(superficial, intermediate, deep)__ an important muscle in ____ and is innervated by ___
Deep
Extending the spinal column
Dorsal rami of the back
What's the name of the ligament that holds the radius and ulna together? What happens if this ligament is damaged?
Annular Ligament
Nursemaid's Elbow
As you move caudally, gray matter begins to outnumber the white matter. Why?
What type of neurons are present in the pathway from the brain to the ventral horn in the motor pathway? From ventral horn to effector?
Patient Y refuses to hang out with anyone after sunset because she "can't drive at night." Which type of neurons are disrupting this sensory capability
What are the most common type of neurons in the body
When you are closer to the brain, you have more myelinated ascending & descending fibers (white mattter). When you are more caudal (farther from brain), already given off lot of descending fibers and haven't started accumulating ascending fibers.
Multipolar and Multipolar
Bipolar
Interneurons (multipolar)
Why is my thumb on the right side but my big toe on the left side?
Why are my fingers not fused?
What's the purpose of the AER during Lower Limb Development
Which somites are responsible for upper limb vs. lower limb development
Medial rotation of upper limbs, lateral rotation of left
Apoptosis during development
Proliferation of distal mesenchyme by releasing fibroblast growth factors
C5-T1; L2-S2
What makes up each side of the quadrangular space? What passes through the quadrangular space?
Superior: Teres Minor
Inferior: Teres Major
Medial: Long head of triceps brachii
Lateral: Surgical neck of humerus
Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery
An injury to the nerve branching anteriorly off the C5 nerve root before it becomes the superior trunk is damaged. Which muscles and actions would be affected?
Rhomboids + Levator Scapulae. Retraction of scap, rotation of scap, heavy lifting, elevate scapulae.
A patient sustains an injury to the musculocutaneous nerve shortly after it pierces the coracobrachialis. What is the motor and sensory implication
Weakened elbow flexion, sensory loss over lateral forearm
Describe the sympathetic chain. Including the possible outcomes after.
No partial credit, all or nothing.
Info from brain --> T1-L2, synapse with presynaptic sympathetic neurons in lateral horns
Presynaptic neurons leave ventral root, pass into spinal nerve, into ramus of respective spinal cord
Go to white rami communicans (junction b/w ramus & chain)
Once on chain, either: synapse on same level, ascend/descend then synapse, or pass w/o synapse
Those that did synapse --> gray rami communicans --> target
Those that did not --> splanchnic --> target
During Sohan's PR bench press of 45 lbs, what are all the muscle movements involved during the eccentric and concentric motions?
Concentric: Shoulder Adduction, flexion; Elbow extension, Scapular protraction
Eccentric: Shoulder abduction extension, elbow flexion, scapular retraction
If you don't get the shoulder abduction that's fine
Patient X's podiatrist tells her that her foot is healed and she can finally take her boot and brace off for good. Yippee! To celebrate, she throws her arms in the air. What is every muscle involved with this action?
Raising the humerus: Supraspinatus, deltoid
Rotating the scapula upward: Serratus anterior, trapezius
What is stenosis?
Why do older people shrink?
What happens structurally during a herniated disc
Main difference between stenosis of the vertebral canal and stenosis of intervertebral foramina.
Narrowing of a body passage
Drying out of the nucleus pulposus
Annulus Fibrosus (outer ring) weakens or tears so nucleus pulposus bulges outward
Canal: Compress spinal CORD ; Foramina: Compress spinal NERVES