IMMUNE SYSTEM GONE WRONG
This type of hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE, mast cells, and histamine release.
Answer: What is Type I hypersensitivity?
Type I is an immediate allergic reaction.
Vaccines primarily stimulate this branch of immunity, which generates antigen-specific memory B and T cells.
Answer: What is adaptive immunity?
Vaccination induces an adaptive immune response.
This population-level protection occurs when vaccination reduces transmission, indirectly protecting unvaccinated animals.
Answer: What is herd immunity?
High vaccination coverage can reduce opportunities for pathogen transmission.
Detecting pathogen-specific antibodies usually indicates this, rather than necessarily confirming an active infection.
Answer: What is previous exposure to an antigen or an immune response to it?
Antibodies may be present following infection or vaccination.
This measure describes a diagnostic test's ability to correctly identify animals that truly have a disease.
Answer: What is sensitivity?
Sensitivity = True Positives / (True Positives + False Negatives).
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia is an example of this type of hypersensitivity.
Answer: What is Type II hypersensitivity?
Antibodies bind to red blood cells and cause their destruction.
This type of vaccine contains an inactivated toxin rather than an entire pathogen.
Answer: What is a toxoid vaccine?
The tetanus vaccine is an example discussed in the lecture.
Vaccines recommended broadly for animals of a species, rather than based on individual exposure risks, belong to this category.
Answer: What are core vaccines?
Core and non-core vaccines are distinguished in the vaccination lecture.
This enzyme-linked immunoassay can be designed to detect either antigen or antibody.
Answer: What is ELISA?
The lecture covers direct, sandwich/capture, and indirect ELISA.
A healthy animal receives a positive test result. This is classified as this type of result.
Answer: What is a false positive?
The test incorrectly identifies a disease-free animal as positive.
Wet feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is associated with this type of hypersensitivity, which involves the deposition of antigen–antibody complexes.
Answer: What is Type III hypersensitivity?
Immune complexes activate complement and cause inflammation.
This vaccine type contains a living, weakened organism and can stimulate both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
Answer: What is a modified-live vaccine?
Modified-live vaccines can stimulate strong immune responses but may present risks in certain animals.
A common, mild consequence following vaccination is called this, rather than a rare, serious adverse reaction.
Answer: What is a side effect?
The lecture distinguishes common mild side effects from uncommon serious adverse reactions.
This immunofluorescence method uses labeled secondary antibodies, allowing a brighter fluorescent signal than direct immunofluorescence.
Answer: What is indirect immunofluorescence?
Several labeled secondary antibodies can bind to a primary antibody.
A veterinarian wants to screen a large herd and minimize the number of infected animals missed. The test should prioritize this characteristic.
Answer: What is high sensitivity?
High sensitivity reduces false negatives.
A delayed skin reaction to poison ivy is an example of this hypersensitivity type, mediated by T cells rather than antibodies.
Answer: What is Type IV hypersensitivity?
Type IV involves Th1 cells, macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells, with reactions developing over 24–72 hours.
These substances are added to vaccines, especially killed vaccines, to enhance the immune response.
Answer: What are adjuvants?
Examples include depot, particulate, and immunostimulatory adjuvants.
When developing a vaccination program, the proportion of vaccinated animals protected, duration of immunity, and this population-level factor must be considered.
Answer: What is vaccination coverage?
Coverage influences the effectiveness of vaccination programs.
This technique separates proteins using gel electrophoresis, transfers them onto a membrane, and identifies them through antibody-based detection.
Answer: What is Western blotting?
Also called immunoblotting.
A test evaluates 100 truly infected animals and correctly identifies 90 of them. Calculate the sensitivity.
Answer: What is 90%?
90 / (90 + 10) × 100 = 90%.
A dog inherits a condition in which neutrophils cannot properly adhere to blood vessels and migrate into tissues. Identify the type of immunodeficiency and the branch of immunity affected.
Answer: What is a primary immunodeficiency affecting innate immunity?
Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency is an inherited defect affecting neutrophil migration.
The RB51 vaccine for Brucella abortus is an example of this vaccination strategy, which allows differentiation between vaccinated and naturally exposed animals.
Answer: What is DIVA vaccination?
DIVA means Differentiating Infected/Exposed from Vaccinated Animals.
When selecting between live, killed, and recombinant vaccines, veterinarians must consider these three broad factors highlighted in the lecture.
Answer: What are the patient, pathogen, and risk assessment?
Vaccine selection depends on the individual animal, the targeted pathogen, and relevant risks.
A veterinarian wants to detect a specific antigen in a tissue section using enzyme-linked antibodies and a colored reaction product viewed under a light microscope. Identify the technique.
Answer: What is immunohistochemistry (IHC)?
IHC combines immunological, histological, and chemical detection methods.
A test correctly identifies 72 of 80 disease-free animals. Calculate the specificity and the number of false-positive results.
Answer: What are 90% specificity and 8 false positives?
Specificity = 72 / 80 × 100 = 90%. The other 8 disease-free animals tested positive.