Cardiac Arrhythmia
Conduction blocks are typically associated with what type of arrhythmia?
Bradyarrythmia.
What ion channel do Class I antiarrhythmics block?
Fast Na+ channels.
Are penicillins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
Bactericidal
What does Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) sequence?
The protein-coding (1.5%) portion of the genome .
A latent pacemaker has developed an intrinsic rate of depolarisation FASTER than the SA node and has begun to fire prematurely. What is this called?
Ectopic Beat.
This class of antiarrhythmic medication acts by blocking sodium channels with a delayed/slow dissociation.
Class 1c Antiarrhythmic.
What is the mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics?
Inhibit bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis.
Give an example diagnostic method of choice for Moderate DNA differences (10,000’s-100’s bp).
• PCR-based methods
• Microarrays
Under certain conditions, a normal action potential can abnormally "trigger" additional depolarisations that can lead to extra heart beats or rapid arrhythmias. What are these called?
Afterdepolarisations.
Which phase of the cardiac action potential do Class III antiarrhythmics primarily target?
Phase 3 (repolarisation) — blocks outward K⁺ channels.
Which antibiotic subunit of the ribosome do tetracyclines bind to?
30s Ribosome.
What is FISH?
Uses complementary DNA probes to target specific regions of a patient’s genome.
The mechanisms responsible for cardiac arrhythmias are generally divided into 2 major categories, what are they?
1: Issues associated with impulse formation (generation)
2: Issues associated with impulse conduction
This antiarrhythmic is not on the Vaughn Williams classification and is a direct sinus node inhibitor.
Ivabradine.
What is the MOA of Quinolone antibacterial medication?
Selectively inhibit the Topoisomerase II ligase (DNA gyrase) domain of the bacterial cell chromosome causing DNA fragmentation.
What is a copy number variant (CNV)?
An extra or missing segment of DNA (duplication or deletion).
What type of heart block does the following describe?
Progressive lengthening of the PR interval until a beat is "dropped".
Second degree AV block | Mobitz type I (Wenckeback)
Sotalol combine the effects of two antiarrhythmic classes. What are the two distinct mechanisms that account for this dual classification?
It blocks β-adrenergic receptors (Class II) AND outward K⁺ channels (Class III).
Metronidazole only kills anaerobic bacteria — why?
Activation requires reduction of the nitro group, which only occurs in low-oxygen (anaerobic) environments
What does a "Variant of Uncertain Significance" mean on DNA sequencing?
A gene variant where current evidence is insufficient to classify it as harmful or benign.