Weeks 1-5 (Part 1)

Week 1 (Cardiac Anatomy + Hemodynamics)

100

List the layers of the heart wall in order from innermost to outermost

• Endocardium

• Myocardium

• Epicardium

• Pericardium

200

A patients aortic valve peak velocity is measured a 3cm/sec. What is the max pressure gradient across the valve?

36mmHg

Bernoulli Equation

Pg=4(V)^2

300

The majority of antegrade coronary flow occurs during what phase?

Early ventricular diastole

400

The great cardiac vein drains blood from the myocardium supplied by the ____ arteries

LAD and LCX

500

What effect does Hypercalcemia have on heart rate and strength of contraction?

Hypercalcemia increases heart rate and strength of contraction

Week 2 (Cardiac Physiology + Diastolic Dysfunction)

100

The bundle of his initiates ventricular contraction via which pathways?

Right and left bundle branches and the purkinje fibers

200

To better display separated waveforms in bradycardia on Doppler tracing, the sonographer should?

Decrease sweep speed

300

The incisura on the aortic pressure wave occurs?

Immediate after aortic valve closure

400

Dp/Dt measurement of mitral regurgitation is used to?

Evaluate declining systolic function and predict outcomes

500

Does bradycardia overestimate or underestimate the EF%? (Why?)

- Bradycardia can cause overestimation of the EF%. 

(There is a slow heart rate which means there is more blood to fill (longer filling time), and it squeezes harder —> “Frank-Sterling Law”)

Week 3(Signs, Symptoms, Complications + Cardiac Tumors)

100

What is the most common benign tumor of the heart in adults?

Myxoma

200

Which organism is most common in IV drug users with endocarditis?

Staphylococcus aureus

300

Which cardiac chamber is affected by a hiatal hernia?

LA

400

An opening snap heard at the onset of diastole is associated with?

Mitral Stenosis

500

Murmur quality descriptors include all of the following except (there are 4)?

- Harsh

- Pulsatile

- Blowing

- Rumbling

Week 4(Cardiac Infection + Pericardial Effusion)

100

What is the most common symptom with acute pericarditis?

Positional chest pain

200

For bacterial endocarditis, what is the order of frequency of infection from greatest to least? 

Mitral valve, Aortic valve, Tricuspid valve, Pulmonic valve (or MATP)

300

What are the classic triad of symptoms Bacterial Endocarditis?

- Fever of unknown origin

- New onset of a murmur

- Positive bacterial cultures

400

How long after a myocardial infarction does Dressler syndrome occur? (weeks)

1-12 weeks

500

Sonography findings that can mimic endocarditis.

• Nonbacterial endocarditis

• Papillary fibroelastoma

• Thrombus

• Myxomatous mitral valve disease

• Beam width artifact

• Lambl excrescence

• Nodules of Arantius

Week 5 (Defects of RH + TV Disease +Measurements/Equations)

100

Pulmonic stenosis is usually associated with _____ ?

VSD

200

The best view for a saline contrast exam evaluating persistent left SVC is?

Apical 4 chamber

300

What percentage of Ebstein Anomaly cases also have Wolff-Parkinson-White?

30%

400

Pericardial rub is usually associated with

Acute pericarditis

500

What 3 abnormalities are associated with Tricuspid Valve Prolapse (TVP)?

- Marfan Syndrome 

- Ostium Secundum defect

- Ebstein Anomaly