1200-1450
System used by Song China & Aztec Empire to extract economic resources from subordinate states or territories
Tribute
Longest-reigned Ottoman sultan, known for bringing the empire to its peak in economic, military, and political power -- called the 'Lawgiver' and 'Magnificent'
Suleiman
Adam Smith
Acted as a major structural cause of WWI and transformed a regional Balkan crisis into a global conflict by linking major European powers through mutual defense pacts
Alliances
Critical industrial raw material for tires, hoses, etc. that drove intense European imperialist exploitation in the Congo Basin and Amazon
Confucian ideal, duty of family members to subordinate desires to those of the male head of family and the ruler
Filial piety
American-born Europeans, dominating plantation ownership and regional commerce
Creoles
19th-century ideology applying "survival of the fittest" to human societies, arguing that stronger nations/races naturally dominate weaker ones
Social darwinism
Mao Zedong's radical campaign aimed at rapidly transforming China from an agrarian economy into an industrial powerhouse through mass mobilization and collectivization -- catastrophic failure.
Great Leap Forward
Achieved independence from the French through armed struggle
Algeria or Vietnam
This introspective, mystical dimension of Islam played an important rule in the religion's spread, as its missionaries often adapted to local cultures.
Sufism
Independent communities of escaped, formerly enslaved Africans who fled chattel slavery in the Americas
Maroon societies
Spiritual movement and act of indigenous resistance among Native Americans aimed at restoring traditional life, reversing colonization, and removing white settlers
Ghost Dance
This year was a crucial turning point featuring the Russian Revolution, U.S. entry into WWI, the Balfour Declaration and the Mexican Constitution.
1917
This country's democratically elected socialist leader was removed in a 1973 CIA-backed coup, after which Pinochet ruled as a dictator for the next 17 years
Chile
Economic system that revolved around rural self-sufficient estates in medieval Europe
Manorialism
Powerful West African kingdom in modern-day Ghana that thrived by expanding its territory and controlling regional gold and slave trade routes with European maritime empires
Asante kingdom
Enlightenment-era belief that knowledge is acquired through observation, experience, and experimentation rather than tradition or religion
Empiricism
Pivotal political party founded in 1885, originally favoring moderate reform, it transformed into a mass movement under Gandhi championing nonviolence disobedience to gain independence
Indian National Congress
Document written by Simon Bolivar in 1815 explaining his thoughts about the social and political situation of Spanish America and the possible future of new nations after its collapse
Hindu-Buddhist sea-based kingdom based on Java from the 13th-16th centuries
Majapahit
Formal, highly symbolic artworks used to document, venerate, and display the power of the Manchu ruling family
Qing imperial portraits
Series of top-down modernization efforts (e.g., legal equality, secular education, military conscription) in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-19th century; struggled against conservative opposition and failed to stop empire's decline.
Tanzimat reforms
Pan-Asian union that the Empire of Japan tried to establish covering Korea, Manchukuo, and parts of China, SE Asia, and India
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Late 20th-century economic ideology emphasizing free-market capitalism, deregulation, privatization, and reduced government intervention - championed by leaders like Reagan and Thatcher in the 1980s.
Neoliberalism