How does culture change?
Adaptation
Process organisms undergo to achieve a beneficial adjustment to an environment
monogamy
Marriage in which Both partners have one spouse.
food foraging
Involves a combination of hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plants-
social learning
Individual learning is influenced by others, either passively or directly
Globalization
Encompasses all forces of culture change as the world become more mutually dependent and interlinked
cultural adaptation
A complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive and even thrive
polygamy
Marriage in which One individual has multiple spouses at one time.
food producing societies
Societies that use agriculture and horticulture to obtain food
cumulative learning
Ability to build upon knowledge and technologies over time
structuralism
Structures that are beyond individual control impact how people think and behave
biological flexibility
genetic variation among a population
polygyny
Marriage of one man to multiple women.
agriculture
Growing food plants like grains, tubers, fruits, and vegetables in soil prepared and maintained for crop production, more intensive than horticulture, and involves technologies like irrigation, fertilizers, and wooden or metal plows
cultural features
features that are fundamental in a society’s way of making its living: food producing techniques, knowledge of local resources, and work arrangements in applying those technique
biological determinists
search for genes and hormones that determine behaviors such as homicide, alcoholism, stress, etc.
Cultural Flexibility
variation in individual skills, knowledge, and personalities
group marriage
Marriage where several men and women have sexual access to one another
horticulture
Crop cultivation in gardens carried out with simple hand tools, cultivate several types of crops in small, hand cleared gardens, mostly for household use
parallel cultural evolution
Development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental condition by people whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike
cultural constructionism
maintains that human behavior and ideas are best explained by culturally shaped learning
convergent cultural evolution
Development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures-
fictive marriage
Marriage by proxy to the symbolicpresence of someone not physicallypresent to establish social status of spouse/heirs
slash and burn agriculture
Natural vegetation is cut, the slash is burned, and then crops are planted among the ashes-
culture core
the constellation of features which are most closely related to subsistence activities and economic arrangements. Furthermore, the core includes political, religious, and social patterns that are connected to (or in relationship with) such arrangement
sub-culture
a smaller culture within a larger cultural system i.e. Cleveland state (big culture) Cleveland State’s basket ball team (small culture)