Dreams & Memory
When does NREM happen?
What are the three processes of memory?
In the first phase of a person’s sleep cycle (90-120 minutes)
Encoding, storage & retrieval
Sarah is incredibly hungry before dinner. She wants to steal a cookie from the tray her parents told her not to touch. However, she decides to wait until dinner because she knows taking one could be wrong. Which part of Freud’s personality structure dominates this decision?
Superego
What is true about sleep and GPA?
More sleep is generally associated with higher grades, while less sleep is associated with lower grades
What is the difference between a sociopath and a psychopath?
Generally, psychopaths tend to be more emotionally detached, calculating, and manipulative, while sociopaths are more impulsive and prone to emotional outbursts
What structure physically attaches the brain to the spinal cord?
The brainstem
What percentage of sleep does NREM account for?
What was the sequence of objects used in an example for the memory palace technique? (give at least 8 in a row)
80 percent +10 -10
Pineapple, Suitcase, Oprah Winfrey, Helmet, Forty-two, Sunflower, Albert Einstein, Elephant, Ladder, Paintbrush
A child spends the early years of their life without a stable caregiver and later struggles to form close relationships with those around them. According to John Bowlby, what concept explains these difficulties?
Maternal deprivation
What did Pavlov’s experiment demonstrate?
Classical conditioning (behaviour can be conditioned). Dogs learned to associate a bell with food and eventually salivated when hearing the bell alone.
What are two criticisms of the DSM?
Can label normal human behaviour as disordered
Many disorders overlap, many individuals do not fit into a single category
What are the functional differences between the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
Left hemisphere: language, logic, and analytical thinking; Right hemisphere: creativity, spatial processing, and pattern recognition
If brain activity during REM sleep looks similar to when we are awake, why does the body remain asleep?
What are the two most common causes of forgetfulness?
During REM sleep, the brain is highly active, but the body's voluntary muscles are temporarily paralyzed.
Lack of sleep, 2. Stress & anxiety
Who created Sociocultural Theory?
Lev Vygotsky
What was the “Little Hans” experiment?
Little boy, Hans, had a fear of horses, but Freud believed it was less about horses than anxiety about punishment from dad - fear gradually went away after talk therapy
What are the 3 clusters of personality disorders?
A. Odd/Eccentric, B. Dramatic/Erratic, C. Anxious/Fearful
Draw the location of the cerebellum, then state of its key functions
Located at the back of the brain beneath the occipital lobes; Helps regulate coordination, voluntary movement, posture, and balance
Bob has a dream in which he is driving his sister to school when suddenly, a piano falls onto the front of the car and he freaks out. He veers onto the street and accidentally runs into Kathy, his ex-girlfriend. He jumps out of the window to try to help her, but as soon as he does, his sister turns into Kathy and starts screaming like a maniac. What is the manifest content of this dream, and what is the latent content of this dream?
What is the difference between episodic and procedural memory?
Manifest content: piano, sister turning into Kathy, crash car; Latent content: answers vary - about interpretation, like feeling guilty about breaking up with Kathy
Episodic memory involves memories of specific events/experiences, while procedural memory involves learned skills and procedures
What is one of the four stages in Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operation, Formal operational stage
Name one of Bowlby’s major studies and what he concluded from it
44 Thieves Study - studied 44 juvenile delinquents to find the effects of maternal deprivation
Found that 12/14 affectionless psychopaths had faced early separation from their mother -> Concluded that early maternal deprivation may lead to long-term emotional damage
What is schizotypal personality disorder? Which cluster is it in?
Cluster A - Personality disorder characterized by social discomfort, abnormal beliefs, and distorted views of reality
List the four lobes the human brain
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
What is the activation-synthesis theory? What are its steps, and what creates dreams?
What was the name of the pilot in our chain recall memory game?
Dreams result of random neurons firing off - created through activation and synthesis (activation is the process by which neurons are randomly activated, synthesis is process by which brain the brain tries to make sense of the random firing); Random memories and feelings lead to dreams
Jane Randall
A young child cannot solve a difficult puzzle independently, but successfully solves it with the help of their parents. According to Vygotsky, what concept does this reflect?
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
What was the “Jigsaw Puzzle” experiment, and what did it demonstrate?
1. Children aged 3-5 were divided into 2 groups and given a sorting task - one group had the help of their mothers while the other one was by themselves
2. Children who’d had help from their mothers performed better independently afterwards
3. Demonstrated “scaffolding” of mothers to children and how children benefited from support even later on
What are the 4 things that must be true in order for someone to be diagnosed with a psychological disorder (based on the APA’s definition)?
1. Significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings and behaviours, 2. Disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction, 3. Disturbances lead to significant distress or disability, 4. Disturbances do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain events
WHICH SPECIFIC LOBE OF THE BRAIN CONTROLS SPINAL REFLEXES?
None (most spinal reflexes are controlled by neural circuits in the spinal cord)