Kohlberg
Using Kohlberg's stages, if the nurse was planning to tell the parent which factor motivates good and bad actions for the child at the preconventional stage?
a. Peer pressure c. parent's behavior
b. social pressure d. punishment & reward
What is Punishment and Reward. If the child is obedient and is not being punished, the child is being moral. Actions are viewed as good or bad.
Nurse is providing instructions to the new parents on psychosocial development of their newborn infant. Which measure would the nurse instruct the parents to take?
a. Allow the newborn infant to signal a need.
b. Anticipate all needs of the newborn infant
c. Attend to the newborn infant immediately when crying
d. Avoid the newborn infant during the first 10 min of crying
What is A - Allow the newborn to signal a need - otherwise they will not learn to control their environment.
When looking at the answers - eliminate answers that have All or Avoid -close ended words
Nurse is observing 6 y/o child and realizes that the child does not recognize that the objects exist when the objects are outside of the visual field. Based on this observation, which action is appropriate for the nurse to take?
a. Report the observation to the pediatrician
b. Move the objects in the child's direct field of vision
c. Teach the child how to visually scan the environment
d. Provide additional lighting for the child during play activities.
What is A. This would be normal for an infant, but a 6 y/o that is not recognizing the object still exist outside of the visual field, then the child is not progressing through the developmental stages and warrants further review. The focus is on the data in the question. the other answers only delay FLUP
Which intervention is an example of primary prevention during community disaster planning?
a. Teaching families how to prepare a 72-hr emergency water and medication supply
b. Screening disaster survivors for post-traumatic stress symptoms
c. Providing physical therapy after a disaster-related injury
d. Treating dehydration in a client after evacuation.
What is A. Disaster preparedness reduces risk before an emergency happens. Screening is 2ndary and treatment and rehab occur after illness or injury.
Which intervention is tertiary prevention for a client with diagnosed type 2 diabetes?
a. Teaching healthy adults to maintain a healthy weight
B. Offering fasting glucose testing at a health fair
c. Teaching daily foot inspection and proper footwear
d. Providing nutrition education to prevent diabetes in high-risk adolescents
What is C. Tertiary Prevention. The client already has diabetes. Daily foot care helps prevent ulcers, infection, and amputation, thereby limiting complications from an established disease. A & D are primary and B is secondary prevention
The nurse educator is preparing to teach a session about school-age children regarding growth and development according to Kohlberg's moral development. What information should the educator include: Select all that apply:
a. Individuals move through all six stages in sequential fashion
b. Moral development progresses in relationship to cognitive development.
c. A person's ability to make moral judgements develop over a period of timed.
d. The theory provides a framework for understanding how individuals determine a moral code to guide their behavior
e. In stage 1, children are expected to reason as mature members
f. In stage 2 the child conforms to rules to obtain rewards or favors returned.
What is B, C, D, and F. The theory does provide a framework for understanding how individuals determine moral code to guide their behavior. Focus on reading each option carefully. Recall of the stages, but also note that in A and E, closed-ended word: All in option A and mature in option E.
The parent of an 8 y/o child tells the clinic nurse of concern that the child seems to be more attentive to friends than anything else. The nurse would plan to make which response:
a. You need to be concerned
b. You need to monitor the child's behavior closely
c. At this age, children are developing their own personalities
d. You need to provide more praise to the child to stop this behavior
What is C. School age children begin moving towards their peers and friends and away from the parents for support. A & B are similar - eliminate. D is praising the child for accomplishments is important, the child is exhibiting normal behavior.
Using Piaget's theory, the nurse asks the staff to identify the stage of behavior that is characteristic of the formal operations stage?
a. The child's basic ability to think abstractly and problem-solve are similar to an adults
b. The child learns to think in a concrete fashion and expects others to view the world in the same way
c. The child begins to understand the environment and conceptualize objects that are no long visible
d. The child is able to classify, order, and sort facts and is able to see a variety of solutions to a problem
What is A. The formal stage is the child's ability to think abstractly and problem solve. Focus on the subject--formal operational stage.
A nurse provides free blood-pressure checks at a community health fair. This activity is an example of:
a. Primary prevention
b. Secondary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention
d. Palliative care
What is B. Secondary prevention. Blood-pressure checks are screening activities used to identify hypertension early, often before symptoms develop.
A client who had a stroke participates in physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy. This is an example of:
a. Primary prevention
b. Secondary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention
d. Health screening
What is C. Tertiary prevention Rehabilitation occurs after an established injury or illness and aims to restore function, minimize disability and prevent additional complications.
A child tells the nurse, "I will let you give me the injection if I can have a sticker afterward." Which stage is demonstrated?
a. Stage 1: Obedience & Punishment
b. Stage 2: Self-interest/instrumental purpose
c. Stage 3: Interpersonal approval
d. Stage 4: Law and Order
What is B. The child cooperates because a desired benefit or reward. This is Stage 2 self-interest or instrumental reasoning
A 4 y/o diagnosed with leukemia is hospitalized for chemotherapy. The child is fearful of hospitalization. Which nursing intervention would be implemented to alleviate the child's fears?
a. Encourage the child's parents to stay with the child
b. Encourage play with other children of the same age
c. Advise the family to visit only during the scheduled visiting hours.
d. Provide a private room, allowing the child to bring favorite toys from home
What is A. Although the preschooler may attend day care or preschool, illness adds a stressor that makes separation more difficult. Option 2 is unrelated to the subject; Options 3 & 4 increase stress r/t separation anxiety.
A 5-y/o holds up a drawing with a picture facing the child and says, "Look at my picture!" The nurse recognizes this behavior as :
a. Object permanence
b. Egocentrism
c. Conservation
d. Abstract reasoning
What is B. Children in the preoperational stage have difficulty seeing situations from another person's perspective.
A nurse teaches a client who plans to become pregnant to take folic acid daily before conception and during early pregnancy. This intervention is:
a. Primary prevention
b. Secondary prevention
c. Tertiary prevention
d. Restorative care
What is A. Folic Acid before and in early pregnancy helps prevent neural-tube defects before they occur. Primary prevention.
A nurse teaches a client about the importance of an age-appropriate colonoscopy. Which level of prevention is the nurse discussing?
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary
d. Quaternary
What is B - Secondary prevention
Colonoscopy is a screening procedure intended to detect colorectal cancer or precancerous changes early.
Which statement by a client best reflects Stage 4 moral reasoning?
a. "I follow the policy because I do not want to lose privileges."
b. "I follow the policy because health-care rules protect everyone and must be followed"
c. "I follow the policy because my friends will approve."
d. "I follow the policy if it benefits me."
What is B. Stage 4 is law-and-order reasoning. The person recognizes that rules and systems help maintain safety and social order.
The nurse is evaluating the developmental level of 2 y/o. Which does the nurse expect to observe in this child?
a. Uses a fork to eat
b. Uses a cup to drink
c. Pours own milk into a cup
d. Uses a knife for cutting food
What is B. By age 2 the child can use a cup and spoon correctly with some spilling. Age 3/4 the child begins to use a fork. Focus: The subject - developmental level of 2 y/o. Option 4 eliminated -knife...think about their fine motor skills.
A nurse is teaching a 9 y/o about taking an antibiotic. Which approach is most appropriate?
a. "Someday, this medication may prevent complications that could affect your future health in many different ways"
b. "This medicine kills germs causing your infection. Taking it as prescribed helps you get better and keeps the germs from becoming stronger."
c. "You must take this medicine because I said so"
d. "Imagine how medication changes the relationship between bacteria and the future health of society."
What is B. School-age children concrete operational stage understand logical explanations r/t real and observable cause and effect relationships.
A community-health nurse plans a primary-prevention program for children. Which activity should the nurse include?
a. Providing routine childhood immunizations
b. Screening children for lead exposure
c. Referring children with asthma for pulmonary rehabilitation
d. Monitoring blood glucose in children diagnosed with diabetes
What is A. Immunization prevents infectious disease before it occurs and is a classic primary-prevention activity. Lead screening is secondary prevention; rehabilitation and chronic-disease monitoring are tertiary prevention.
Which intervention is an example of secondary prevention?
a. Counseling a client to exercise 150 minutes per week
b. Providing hepatitis B vaccination to a health-care worker
c. Performing an annual vision screening for schoolchildren
d. Teaching a client with rheumatoid arthritis joint-protection techniques
What is C. Secondary prevention. Vision screening detects an unrecognized problem early. Exercise counseling and vaccination are primary prevention; joint protection in diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis is tertiary prevention.
Two adolescent clients refuse to share answers during an exam. Which client demonstrates most advanced moral reasoning according to Kohlberg?
a. "I might get detention."
b. "My parents will be disappointed in me."
c. "The school policy says cheating is prohibited."
d. "Using stolen answers is unfair because every student deserves an equal opportunity to demonstrate their own learning."
What is D. This response is based on fairness and equal opportunity, reflecting postconventional reasoning. A stage 1 punishment avoidance, Bis stage 3 approval, and C is stage 4 law-and-order.
Which statement by a 48 y/o client best reflects successful resolution of generativity vs stagnation
a. "I am deciding what career I want after high school"
b. "I want to mentor new nurses and volunteer with a community health program."
c. "I am learning to trust that my needs will be met."
d. "I am reviewing whether my life was meaningful."
What is B. Middle adulthood involves generativity vs. stagnation - contributing to others and future generations through parenting, mentoring, work, service, and community involvement.
Which statement by a 15 y/o demonstrates formal operational thought?
a. "If I study how sleep affects concentration, I could compare two groups and keep their study time the same."
b. "If I cannot see my parent, my parent is gon."
c. "The taller glass has more medication because it looks fuller."
d. "I got sick because I was mad at my brother."
What is A. Formal Operational thinking includes abstract though, forming hypotheses, considering possibilities, and systematically controlling variables.
Which nursing intervention is an example of primary prevention?
a. Scheduling a mammogram for a client without breast symptoms
b. Teaching adolescents about vaping prevention and nicotine risks
c. Referring a client with stroke to physical therapy
d. Monitoring blood glucose for a client diagnosed with diabetes
What is B. Teaching adolescents to avoid vaping aims to prevent illness before it develops making it primary prevention. Mammography is secondary prevention because it screens for early disease. Stroke rehabilitation and diabetes management are tertiary prevention
Which intervention is tertiary prevention after a myocardial infarction?
a. Teaching healthy high-school students about the risks of smoking
b. checking cholesterol levels at a community screening event.
c. Enrolling the client in cardiac rehabilitation
d. Teaching adults to choose a heart-healthy diet to reduce future cardiovascular risk
What is C - Tertiary prevention
Cardiac rehabilitation helps a client recover and reduces disability or further complications after an established MI. A and D are primary and B is secondary