Enlightenment
What four events contributed to the enlightenment era?
- Gutenberg Printing Press
- The Renaissance
- The Protestant Reformation
- The Scientific Revolution
Why were the colonists upset at the British government that it led to a revolt?
There was little to no representation, taxation, and trade restrictions.
What is industrialization?
It is a increase in factory and machine production.
What is capitalism?
It is a type of economic system that is based of off profit, competition, private ownership, and investment.
What is socialism and communism?
Socialism is when private property is allowed while industries like healthcare & education are prioritized. They are ran by the government for the public. Communism is when society tries to become a classless society with the economy being run by the government.
Who is John Locke and what were his ideas on government?
John Locke was a philosopher. He believed that the government was limited to the consent of the people. One of his main ideas was that people had natural rights (life, liberty, and property). It was the governments responsibility to protect these rights.
How many people were killed in the Boston Massacre?
5 people were killed.
What issues did the Industrial Revolution have?
There were long hours, poor / low wages, child labor, unsafe working conditions, and more fossil fuels being produced.
How did mass production from the Industrial Revolution create a free market?
Mass production led to a free market because people can supply things in large amounts and keep up with demands which helps manage the pricing of these items.
What is the Karl Marx's theory?
The theory is that society should be classless. He believes workers should team up to overthrow capitalism to form a communistic economy and end exploitation.
Who is Thomas Hobbes and how did his ideas of government differ from Lockes?
Thomas Hobbes is a philosopher, he is known for his work on the Leviathan. He believed that humans needed an absolute monarchy. He thinks that without it, people will be violent and crazy fighting for power.
What was the Stamped Act and how did the colonists react to it?
The Stamp Act was taxation on anything that was printed on paper. They responded with violence and protests.
What is the difference between the men and women working?
Men typically worked in coal, railroad, iron, or steam power. Women mainly worked in textile companies. They also had a pay difference, men got paid a lot more than women did. They both had long work hours but women still had to deal with domestic work as a wife at home on top of their jobs.
Why was consumer culture becoming so popular?
As more goods are being produced along with advertisements, it was easy to obtain these goods and afford them because of the Industrial Revolution.
What is the term for working class and the owners of these production sites and businesses?
It is proletariat and bourgeoisie.
What did Mary Wollstonecraft and Olympe de Gouge both fight for and what were their works responding to?
Mary Wollstonecraft and Olympe de Gouge both fought for women's rights and equality. Mary Wollstonecraft was responding to Talleyrand's published ideas of women and their rights. Olympe de Gouge responded to the "Declaration of the Rights of Man".
What were the colonists fighting for?
They were fighting for freedom, representation, and the idea of consent of the governed. The British government never represented their peoples' word and had heavy taxes and restrictions on their goods and trades. They wanted to have a say about the taxes the government was giving them.
When was the first and second Industrial Revolution and what things were brought in each one of them?
First Industrial Revolution:
- Late 18th to mid 19th century
- The factory systems developed
- Urbanization became more common
- Textiles, iron, and steam power
- There was also the development of railroads and canals
Second Industrial Revolution:
- Late 19th to mid 20th century
- Development of automobiles
- Consumer culture became more popular
- Mass Production / Assembly Line
- Steel, Oil, Electricity, Chemicals
What did Luca Pacioli publish that helped merchants, bankers, and business owners?
He published a book on double entry book keeping. This system records every transaction twice. It helped merchants, bankers, and business owners keep track of profits, losses, and the financial state overall.
What are the four alienations Marx believed capitalism caused?
- Alienation from product: Workers having no control on what they make
- Alienation from others: Little cooperation as everyone is competitive
- Alienation from oneself: A disconnect from creative self/ potential
- Alienation from the process of the job: The meaning of their work is meaningless
Why was Olympe de Gouges executed?
She was executed because she challenged gender norms and for being critical of the revolutionary governmental authority.
Who made sure the boycotts worked?
They were the Daughters of Liberty. Daughters of Liberty made their own goods instead, so they don't have to buy from Britain and so others don't have to too.
Why was Britain the birthplace of the industrial revolution?
Britain had easy access to materials like coal and iron. Their location also played a huge role, they were surrounded by water for transportation and they were "in the middle" so they were surrounded by different resources.
Who is Adam Smith and what did he argue for?
He was known as "Father of Capitalism" and wrote "The Wealth of Nations". He believed in free trade and limited government interference called Laissez-faire.
What did Labor unions create?
Labor unions were groups of workers who worked together to fight for better rights, working conditions, and pay at their jobs. Between 1833 and 1874, many Factory Acts were created to have age limits at certain jobs.