MIDDLE AGES
This system organized medieval society around land, loyalty, and service.
What is feudalism?
This word means a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman learning.
What is the Renaissance?
This northern scholar wrote In Praise of Folly and criticized abuses in the Church.
Who was Erasmus?
This German monk challenged the sale of indulgences in 1517.
Who was Martin Luther?
This astronomer proposed a Sun-centered model of the solar system.
Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?
This Frankish ruler was crowned emperor in 800 and encouraged learning.
Who was Charlemagne?
This intellectual movement emphasized human potential and the study of classical texts.
What is humanism?
This English humanist wrote Utopia, imagining an ideal society.
Who was Thomas More?
This document listed Luther’s objections to Church practices.
What are the Ninety-Five Theses?
This scientist used telescopic observations to support heliocentrism.
Who was Galileo Galilei?
This series of religious wars sought control of the Holy Land.
What were the Crusades?
This technique makes objects appear to recede into three-dimensional space on a flat surface.
What is linear perspective?
This German artist became famous for detailed prints and woodcuts.
Who was Albrecht Dürer?
Luther argued salvation came through faith rather than being earned through good works. Name this doctrine.
What is justification by faith (faith alone)?
This astronomer described planetary orbits as ellipses.
Who was Johannes Kepler?
Explain one way the Black Death weakened feudalism.
What is labor scarcity allowing surviving peasants to demand better wages or conditions?
Name one way Italian Renaissance artists differed from many medieval European artists.
What is greater emphasis on realism, anatomy, classical subjects, or perspective?
How did Northern Renaissance painting often differ from Italian Renaissance painting?
What is its emphasis on fine detail, oil painting, everyday life, or religious themes?
This English king broke with papal authority after seeking an annulment of his marriage.
Who was Henry VIII?
This scientist formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Who was Isaac Newton?
A medieval manor produced most of its own necessities. What economic concept does this illustrate?
What is a largely self-sufficient or local economy? Manorialism
Why were wealthy patrons such as the Medici important to Renaissance art?
What is that they financed artists and works, helping new ideas spread?
Why did the printing press help spread Renaissance ideas beyond Italy?
What is that printed books and images became easier and cheaper to reproduce and circulate?
Compare Luther’s and Henry VIII’s main reasons for breaking with Rome.
What is Luther challenged Church teachings and abuses, while Henry VIII’s break was driven primarily by dynastic and political concerns?
How did the Scientific Revolution challenge traditional authority?
What is that thinkers increasingly tested claims using observation, experimentation, mathematics, and evidence?