Alliances & Agriculture
Prior to 1722, English colonizers used this specific phrase to describe the Iroquois alliance when it consisted of exactly five distinct tribes.
What were the Five Nations?
Meaning "Southerner," this Algonquian-speaking group traditionally lived in the Ohio River Valley.
Who are the Shawnee?
This 5-letter noun is defined as a collection of native people who share the exact same language, culture, and leadership.
What is a tribe?
In North America, this term refers to any block of time prior to the year 1500 AD, before written history began.
What is prehistory?
This prehistoric Woodland Culture is recognized as the first mound builders, sunflower farmers, and copper jewelers who built walls around their religious sites.
What is the Adena culture?
The term provided is Allied (adjective), but the definition given is "An agreement or partnership requiring cooperation or mutual assistance." This definition requires this part of speech.
What is a noun? (The shifted word is alliance or allies)
The Iroquois alliance was renamed the Six Nations in 1722 following the official addition of this tribe.
What were the Tuscarora?
Though they spoke an Iroquoian language, this tribe occupied a massive territory from Ohio to Georgia and was never part of the Iroquois Confederacy.
Who are the Cherokee?
This is a smaller division of a tribe whose members are all related to each other and live apart from other similar units.
What is a clan?
While prehistory covers the time before written records, this term is defined as the actual recording of past events.
What is history?
Located in Moundsville, this massive Adena structure stands 62 feet high and is the largest conical mound in North America.
What is Grave Creek Mound?
The term provided is Conical (adjective), but the definition given is "A solid or hollow object that tapers from a circular base to a point." This definition requires this part of speech.
What is a noun? (The shifted word is cone)
This agricultural nickname refers to corn, lima beans, and squash when planted and grown closely together.
What are the Three Sisters?
This broad collective term describes any of the historic native tribes that were actively living in the region when Europeans colonized.
Who are the Eastern Woodland Indians?
Archaic hunters relied on this specialized spear-throwing tool to drastically increase the velocity of their weapons.
What is an atlatl?
Meaning "Before Christ," this abbreviation describes any year prior to 1 AD, though secular scholars often substitute it with BCE.
What is BC?
Found in South Charleston, this 33-foot-tall structure is West Virginia's second-largest conical mound and was excavated by the Smithsonian in 1883.
What is Criel Mound?
The term provided is Consensual (adjective), but the definition given is "To give permission or agree to something actively and willingly." This definition requires this part of speech.
What is a verb? (The shifted word is consent)
This adjective describes tribes or nations that have aligned with one another, often for mutual benefit or defense.
What is allied?
Also known as the Lenni-Lenape or "First People," this tribe was ultimately forced to leave their ancestral home that shared their English name.
Who are the Delaware?
Traditional native governments often used this style of leadership, where a decision requires every adult member to agree.
What is consensual?
Bridging the gap between the Paleo and Woodland periods, this "old" era lasted from roughly 10,000 BC to 1,000 BC.
What is the Archaic Period?
Unlike a true tribe, this group of refugees from various displaced groups lacked a unified culture, language, or leadership.
Who are the Mingo?
The term provided is Prehistory (noun), but the definition given is "Existing or occurring in the period before written records." This definition requires this part of speech.
What is an adjective? (The shifted word is prehistoric)
This prehistoric Adena site in Tyler County once boasted four miles of parallel circular walls before farming mostly destroyed it.
What is Bens Run?
Composed of tribes like the Seneca and Mohawk, this northeast collection of tribes was the dominant native culture north of the Carolinas.
What is the Iroquois Confederacy?
Digging through this type of ancient trash pile or heap often yields valuable bones, tools, and artifacts for researchers.
What is a midden?
Meaning "very old," this specific period between 20,000 BC and 10,000 BC marked the arrival of the first humans in West Virginia.
What is the Paleo Period?
Archaeologists still debate whether this Woodland culture, which heavily occupied eastern Ohio, ever actually crossed the Ohio River into western West Virginia.
What is the Hopewell culture?
The term provided is Adversary (noun), but the definition given is "Involving conflict, opposition, or a hostile relationship between opposing parties." This definition requires this part of speech.
What is an adjective? (The shifted word is adversarial)
Situated in Fayette County along the Kanawha River, this site features ancient rock walls dating to 3,000 BC and was used by both the Adena and Fort Ancient cultures.
What is Mount Carbon?
This large family of Mid-Atlantic native peoples shared a common language and included tribes like the Shawnee and Delaware.
Who are the Algonquin?
Many Eastern Woodland cultures used this type of social order, where lineage and inheritance are traced through the mother's family line.
What is matrilineal?
Lasting from 1,000 BC to 1,000 AD, this era immediately predated the arrival of the first Europeans in the New World.
What is the Woodland Period?
Centered in the Ohio and Kanawha River valleys, this late Woodland culture shared many similarities with the Adena.
What is the Fort Ancient culture?
The term provided is Matrilineal (adjective), but the definition given is "A system or society organized around descent through the female line." This definition requires this part of speech.
What is a noun? (The shifted word is matriliny or matriarchy)