Prokaryote vs Eukaryotes
What is the main difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?
Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do.
Which organelle is known as the site of aerobic cellular respiration?
Mitochondrion
What process produces new cells from a stem cell?
Mitosis
What is the correct order of organisation?
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism
Which organelle contains the cell's genetic material in a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus.
Name two structures found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Ribosomes and a cell membrane.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
What is differentiation?
The process by which cells develop specialised structures and functions.
Which two organ systems work together to transport oxygen from the environment to body cells?
The respiratory system and circulatory system.
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts.
A scientist observes a cell with circular DNA, no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles. Is it prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic, because prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and typically have circular DNA.
Which organelle modifies, sorts and packages proteins for transport?
Golgi apparatus.
Put these stem cell types in order from greatest to least developmental potential:
Unipotent → Multipotent → Totipotent → Pluripotent
Totipotent → Pluripotent → Multipotent → Unipotent
How many organ systems work together to remove wastes from the body?
3 (Respiratory, Circulatory and excretory systems).
A plant cell has a large central structure that stores substances and helps maintain cell pressure. What is it?
Vacuole.
Compare the organisation of DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes generally have a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region, whereas eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.
A cell produces large quantities of proteins that need to be transported outside the cell. Which organelles would be particularly important and why?
Ribosomes, rough ER and Golgi apparatus. Ribosomes synthesise proteins, the rough ER helps process and transport them, and the Golgi modifies, sorts and packages them for transport.
A stem cell can differentiate into several different types of blood cells, but cannot form every cell type in the body. What type of stem cell is it?
Multipotent, because it can differentiate into a limited range of related specialised cells.
Explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to supply oxygen to cells.
The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs, where it enters the blood. The circulatory system then transports oxygen in the blood to body tissues and cells.
Compare the rough ER and smooth ER
The rough ER has ribosomes attached and is involved in the production and transport of proteins. The smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in processes such as lipid synthesis and detoxification.
A newly discovered cell contains ribosomes, DNA, a cell membrane and cytoplasm but no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. The scientist concludes that it must be a eukaryotic cell because it contains DNA. Evaluate this conclusion.
The conclusion is incorrect. Both cell types contain DNA. The absence of a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles indicates that the cell is prokaryotic.
A pancreatic cell produces and secretes large quantities of digestive enzymes. Predict which organelles would be especially abundant in this cell.
It would contain abundant ribosomes, rough ER and Golgi apparatus because it needs to synthesise, process and package large quantities of proteins for secretion. It would also require mitochondria to provide ATP for these processes.
Explain how stem cells can contribute to the formation of a tissue.
Stem cells undergo mitosis, increasing the number of cells. Some of these cells then undergo differentiation, developing specialised structures and functions. The specialised cells work together to form a tissue.
Explain how the digestive, circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems work together to maintain the needs of cells in a multicellular organism.
The digestive system breaks down food and provides nutrients, which are absorbed into the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen to cells. The respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The circulatory system transports metabolic wastes, such as urea, to excretory organs such as the kidneys for removal.
A scientist observes a cell with a nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, a large vacuole and a cell wall. Identify the type of cell.
It is a eukaryotic plant cell. The presence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles indicates it is eukaryotic, while chloroplasts, a large central vacuole and a cell wall are characteristic of plant cells.