?
An entire chain of DNA along w/ some stabilizing proteins
What is a chromosome?
The number of protons and neutrons in an atom makes up its __________
-referring to the periodic table of elements
What is the Atomic Mass? (aka Mass Number)
True or False:
Starch is a carbohydrate
True
Catalyzes (speeds up) a chemical reaction
What is an Enzyme?
Give an example of a steroid
cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol, etc.
'Functional Group' which can act as an acid (by releasing the hydrogen atom from the hydroxyl group as a free proton (H+)
What is a Carboxyl Group?
The type of bond found between phosphate groups and the fatty acid tails of a fat molecule
What is an Esther Bond?
List 3 types of Lipids
1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
4. Waxes
Describe Diffusion and Osmosis
Diffusion- movement from a high CG to a low CG
Osmosis- Diffusion of water across a membrane
The energy needed to start an exergonic reaction
Energy of Activation (EA)
Describe the structure of a DNA molecule (List at least two features)
Nitrogenous Base (A,T,C,G)
Pentose Sugar
Phosphate Group
Covalent Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule
What is a Glycosidic Linkage?
What types of molecules can we convert to energy from food?
carbs, proteins, and fats
Describe Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions
Condensation Reactions- creates H2O and lengthens polymer
Hydrolysis Reactions- "cuts" the polymer to make it smaller. Costs an H2O molecule.
List four functions of proteins
1. enzymes
2. transport
3. movement
4. communication
5. structural support
6. defense against foreign substances
7. storage
What mechanism do enzymes use, and what is the binding site known as?
Substrate-binding (lock & key mechanism)
Active Site
List the type of monomer and the type of bond that makes up a polypeptide
Amino Acids
Peptide Bonds
How does the presence of cholesterol influence the fluidity of plasma membranes
buffer fluidity against temperature changes
List 2 structures that are unique to plant cells
cell wall
no lysosomes, central vacuoles instead
chloroplasts = photosynthesis
List 3 ways carbon skeletons can differ from each other
1. length
2. degree of branching
3. rings
4. location/presence of double bonds
Briefly explain the 5 steps of Aer. Resp.
-1000 pts for just listing them
1. Glycolysis
2. Transition Reactions
3. Citric Acid (Kreb's) Cycle
4. ETC
5. Chemiosmosis
Give the function for:
1. tight junctions
2. desmosomes
3. gap junctions
1. tight junctions-creates watertight seals
2. desmosomes- keeps things tightly bound together against tremendous force
3. gap junctions- tunnels between cells for signaling molecules
List the 4 major axioms of Cell Theory
The cell is the simplest collection of matter that is alive
All organisms are made of cells
Cell structure influences function (overall shape, # of organelles, set of proteins it contains)
All cells come from other cells, thus all living cells are related
*The name of the law that you should Google/YouTube if you want to manifest anything you can dream of?*
What is the Law of Attraction?
What is the difference between Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure
Primary Structure- THE SEQUENCE of AA's
Secondary Structure- hydrogen BONDS BETWEEN the BACKBONE
Tertiary Structure- determined by chemical interactions between R groups (AA side chains)
Quaternary Structure- 2 different polypeptide chains bond to form one molecule