Ion Movement
The major intracellular anion that maintains a negative intracellular environment is ___.
amino acids/proteins
A graded potential that hyperpolarizes the membrane is ___ and makes it more difficult for an action potential to be fired.
inhibitory
The ___ branch of the ANS originates in the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord. The ___ branch of the ANS originates in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
parasympathetic, sympathetic
___ matter is composed of cell bodies, synapses, and unmyelinated axons. ___ matter is composed of myelinated axons only. ___ matter forms the high-speed pathways between different areas of the CNS.
gray, white, white
The ___ are a type of ___ cell that helps form the blood brain barrier. The blood vessels they support ___ have pore passages.
astrocytes, glial, don't
The chemical gradient of Na pushes it ___ the cell. The electrical gradient of Na pushes it ___the cell. The chemical gradient of K pushes it ___ the cell. The electrical gradient of K pushes it ___ the cell. The electrochemical gradient of Cl pushes it ___ the cell.
in, in, out, in, in
The same graded potential repeated close together produces ___ summation. Different graded potentials overlaping at the same time produces ___ summation.
temporal, spatial
The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are found in the ___ and have ___ preganglionic axons compared to sympathetic axons. Preganglionic neurons release ___ as a neurotransmitter at the synapse with the postganglionic neurons. Postganglionic neurons release ___ as a neurotransmitter.
gray matter of the spinal cord, long, acetylcholine, acetylcholine
The ___ ___ in the brain stem is the first stop for most incoming sensory information. The ___ is responsible for subconscious coordination of movement and maintaining proper body position. The ___ in the diencephalon is responsible for regulating the body's internal environment. The ___ is the highest, most complex integrating area of the brain that is responsible for sophisticated functions.
reticular formation, cerebellum, hypothalamus, cerebrum
The ___ ___ of the brain stem is the "first stop" for somatic and visceral sensory information. This includes many of the special senses except for ___ and ___.
reticular formation, vision, smell
The activation gates on Na channels are ___ dependent and open when the membrane potential reaches ___. The inactivation gates are ___ dependent and close when the action potential reaches its ___.
voltage, threshold, time, peak
___ potentials are all or nothing, do not degrade, and are used for long-distance electrical communication within the body. They start propagation at the ___ ___ and finish at the ___ ___ where they synapse with another neuron or cell.
Action, axon hillock, axon terminal
The receptors on postganglionic neurons of both branches of the ANS are ___ ___. Parasympathetic receptors on effector tissue are ___ ___. Sympathetic receptors on effector tissue are ___ ___.
nicotinic cholinergic, muscarinic cholinergic, adrenergic
CSF is produced by ___ cells of the ___ ___ which are located in each of the ventricles. It is reabsorbed by ___ ___.
ependymal, choroid plexus, arachnoid villi
___ synapses are the connections between neurons and allow electrical energy/ions to pass through ___ ___. They are ___ common compared to the other synapse type.
electrical, gap junctions, less
The ___ ___ ___ spans all of depolarization and most of the repolarization phase. During this time, a second action potential cannot be generated because ___ gates are either open or inactivated.
The ___ ___ ___ spans last part of repolarization phase and hyperpolarization. During this time a strong enough ___ potential must be produced, it is ___, but not impossible.
Absolute refractory period/Na
Relative refractory period/graded/difficult
The binding of a ___ to a ___-gated channel on the dendrites or soma of a neuron causes them to open and create a graded potential. This graded potential travels through the ___ and ___ as it spreads.
neurotransmitter, ligand, soma, decays
___: fear/anger center
___: Memory formation (short term->long term)
Amygdala, Hippocampus
The ___ area, located near the motor cortex, is responsible for the motor movements necessary to produce speech. The ___ area, located near the auditory cortex, is primarily involved in the comprehension of language.
Broca's, Wernicke's
Incoming information from the PNS will pass first through the reticular formation of the ___ ___. From there the signal continues on to the ___, which is an integration center. The stimulus is then sent to it's appropriate ___. When it reaches this location, you become ___ aware of the stimulus.
brain stem, thalamus, cortex, consciously
Resting membrane potential is maintained at -70mV by slow passive efflux of ___ ions and active transport by the ___ ___ ___.
The depolarization phase is caused by fast ___ of ___ ions when voltage-gated channels open.
The repolarization phase is caused by fast ___ efflux from the cell.
K, sodium-potassium pump, influx, Na, K
Action potentials spread by ___ conduction in unmyelinated axons and ___ conduction in myelinated axons. In myelinated axons the action potentials only occur at gaps in the myelin called ___ ___ ___.
Myelin is made by ___ in the CNS and ___ in the PNS.
Contiguous, saltatory, Nodes of Ranvier
Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells
At a neuromuscular junction, voltage-gated ___ channels at the axon terminals open in response to an action potential. This ion triggers the exocytosis of ___ which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to ___ ___ receptors on the myocyte causing depolarization as ions move into and out of the cell through ___ diffusion.
Ca2+, Ach, nicotinic cholinergic, facilitated
In the spinal reflex arc pathway, a stimulus triggers a receptor which sends a signal down a ___ neuron which enters the spinal cord via the ___ root. The ___ center directs the signal immediately to an ___ neuron which exits the spinal cord via a ___ root. The neurons signal then stimulates the target tissue.
afferent, dorsal, integration, efferent, ventral
Isoproterenol is a drug that mimics adrenaline at β-adrenergic receptors. This makes the drug an ___ molecule. It binds to the ___ receptor as adrenaline. The drug ___ heart rate and causes broncho_______.
agonist, same, increases, dilation