French rule
In what century did French colonial rule begin in Vietnam?
19th century (late 1800s)
The country that fought alongside South Vietnam against North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
United States
The year Vietnam introduced the Đổi Mới economic reforms.
1986
The major river delta in southern Vietnam crucial for agriculture.
Mekong Delta
The Vietnamese noodle soup influenced by French cuisine that has become a national dish.
Phở
The French military commander who captured Hanoi in 1883, escalating colonial control.
Henri Rivière
The 1968 surprise attack by North Vietnamese forces and the Viet Cong during the Vietnamese New Year.
Tet Offensive
The organization in Vietnam that initiated the Đổi Mới economic reforms.
Communist Party of Vietnam
The herbicide used during the Vietnam War that caused lasting environmental damage.
Agent Orange
The Romanized Vietnamese script developed partly by French missionaries.
Quốc Ngữ
The economic policy imposed by the French to exploit Vietnam’s resources through plantations and heavy taxation.
Plantation monoculture and heavy taxation (extraction of rice and rubber)
The trail used by North Vietnam to supply the Viet Cong in South Vietnam.
Ho Chi Minh Trail
The economic system that Đổi Mới transitioned Vietnam toward.
A socialist-oriented market economy
The mountain range in Vietnam that is a biodiversity hotspot home to many endemic species.
Annamite Range (Truong Son Range)
The French architectural style that remains visible in Hanoi’s Old Quarter.
Beaux-Arts / French colonial architecture
The treaty that officially put Vietnam under French control in 1883.
Treaty of Huế (1883)
The 1972 U.S. bombing campaign over Hanoi and Haiphong during the Vietnam War.
Operation Linebacker II (Christmas Bombing)
The sector liberalized first under Đổi Mới, leading to significant agricultural growth.
Agriculture (household farming)
The Vietnamese program aimed at reforestation and increasing forest cover to combat deforestation.
Five Million Hectare Reforestation Program (Program 661)
The Vietnamese city known as ‘Little Paris’ due to its French colonial villas and pine forests.
Đà Lạt
The administrative federation formed by France in 1887 combining Vietnam (Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina) with Cambodia and later Laos.
What was French Indochina?
The final evacuation operation conducted by the U.S. in April 1975 to rescue American civilians and at-risk Vietnamese from Saigon.
What was Operation Frequent Wind?
The Vietnamese leader who became General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1986 and championed the Đổi Mới reforms.
Who was Nguyễn Văn Linh?
The UNESCO World Heritage Site in Vietnam featuring some of the world’s largest karst caves and rich biodiversity, part of the Annamite Range.
What is Phong Nha–Kẻoạ Bàng National Park?
The influential Vietnamese literary movement of the 1930s that promoted modernist values and independence from traditional Chinese literary forms, often translated as the “Self-Reliant Literary Group”.
What was the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn?