CAD
what type of test is usually done for a patient suspected of Microvascular Angina
stress test
what are the 2 major causes of death after a heart transplant?
infection and acute rejection
What are the 2 hormones released by the heart muscle used as a counter regulatory mechanism in response to increased blood volume in the heart?
ANP & BNP
ANP is released from the atria & BNP is released from the ventricles
what are some common HF complications:
pleural effusion, dysrhythmias, hepatomegaly, renal failure
What is the main cause of Mitral Stenosis?
common side effect of all nitrates
orthostatic hypotension
what are some side effects of ACE inhibitors?
**monitor renal function and potassium levels
ejection fraction of ___% is the hallmark of systolic HF
>45%
what are some interventions you could do to help a patient with HF?
O2 therapy, encourage a structured exercise program, encourage rest (depends on severity of HF)
what type of replacement valve would be appropriate for a young child?
childbearing mother who can't take anticoagulants?
mechanical
biological
long acting nitrates are used to treat the frequency of _____ angina
the main side effect of long acting nitrates are:
can a person taking long acting nitrates also take sublingual if chest pain occurs?
Prinzmetals
headaches
yes
how could you evaluate the effectiveness of diuretics?
increased urine output, decreased symptoms, fluid weight loss, absent crackles in the lungs
>35%
what should you educate your patient on discussing at home weight monitoring?
same time each day (preferred in the morning), with the same clothes
What is an important lab value you would want to monitor in a patient who just recently had valve replacement surgery?
INR (2.5-3.5) - patients are on anticoagulants right after surgery
common side effects of beta blockers
hypotension, bradycardia, wheezing from bronchospasm, GI effects, weight gain
*contraindicated in patients with asthma and diabetes
common signs of digoxin toxicity?
therapeutic level:
what should you monitor when a patient is taking digoxin?
nausea/vomiting, tachycardia, confusion, blurred vision/yellow halos
0.8-2.0
potassium levels and renal function
Fatigue, Edema, Dyspnea, Chest Congestion/Cough, Orthopnea, Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, Tachycardia, Weight gain, Skin changes, Confusion, Memory loss
what is important to assess when giving furosemide?
I/O & Lung sounds
patient teachings;
avoid strenuous activity/dehydration
appropriate exercise plans
take planned rest periods
discourage tobacco use
teach the patient the importance of adhering to prophylactic antibiotic therapy
what is the drug Clopidogrel used for?
it is used after PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) along with aspirin until the intimal lining grown over the stent and provides smooth vascular surface
what is the hallmark lab value that indicates heart failure?
Main diagnostic test to determine HF:
echocardiogram
reduced EF = ____ HF
preserved EF = ___ HF
which is more common in men?
systolic
diastolic
systolic
what are some common S/S you would see in a patient with cardiomyopathy?
what drug would you avoid giving a patient with hypertrophic myopathy?
fatigue, dyspnea, palpitations, angina
nitrate