Water and Chemical Bonds
This type of weak intermolecular force occurs between a partial positive hydrogen atom of one polar molecule and an electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen) of another molecule.
What is a hydrogen bond?
Because carbon has 4 valence electrons, it can form up to this number of stable covalent bonds with other atoms.
What is 4?
This type of chemical reaction links monomers together into polymers by removing a molecule of water.
What is dehydration synthesis?
Lipids differ from proteins and carbohydrates because they are composed mainly of nonpolar carbon-hydrogen bonds, making them have this water-repelling property.
What is hydrophobic?
In a controlled scientific experiment, this variable is intentionally manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect.
What is the independent variable?
While hydrogen bonds connect adjacent water molecules to one another, this type of bond holds the hydrogen and oxygen atoms together within a single water molecule.
What is a polar covalent bond?
Consisting of an -OH group, this functional group imparts polar, hydrophilic properties to organic molecules and is characteristic of alcohols.
What is hydroxyl group?
This specific covalent bond links monosaccharides together during the formation of complex carbohydrates like starch and cellulose.
What is a glycosidic linkage?
This primary structural component of lipids consists of a three-carbon alcohol chain that binds to fatty acids.
What is a glycerol head?
These experimental variables must be kept identical across all treatment groups to ensure that any observed changes are due solely to the independent variable.
What are constants?
This type of solution contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions, resulting in a pH value strictly below 7.
What is an acid?
Found in amino acids, this nitrogen-containing functional group acts as a base by accepting a proton (H+) from an aqueous solution.
What is an amine or amino group?
Hydrolysis breaks down polymers into individual monomers by performing this key chemical action.
What is adding a water molecule?
At a molecular level, the primary structural difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid is the presence of this specific type of chemical bond in unsaturated fats.
What is a double bond?
This type of experimental group receives no treatment or an inactive baseline treatment so researchers can compare results against the experimental group.
What is the control group?
While cohesion is the attraction between water molecules, this property describes water's ability to stick to other polar or charged molecules.
What is adhesion?
This negatively charged functional group (-PO42-) transfers energy between organic molecules (e.g., ATP) and forms the backbone of nucleic acids.
What is a phosphate group?
During triglyceride formation, three dehydration synthesis reactions create this specific covalent bond between a lipid backbone and each fatty acid tail.
What is an ester bond?
Hydrogen bonding along the polypeptide backbone—excluding the variable R groups—drives the formation of this level of protein structure.
What is the secondary structure?
This basic statistic measures the overall spread or variability of individual data points around the mean of a single sample.
What is standard deviation?
This property measures an atom's affinity for shared electrons in a covalent bond. High values in oxygen and nitrogen create asymmetric charge distributions, giving water its key polar qualities.
What is electronegativity?
This functional group containing sulfur (-SH) forms cross-linking covalent bonds called disulfide bridges to help stabilize protein structures.
What is a sulfhydryl group?
In nucleic acids, neighboring nucleotides are connected into a strand via this specific covalent bond between a phosphate group and a 3' carbon sugar.
What is a phosphodiester bond?
The individual monomer units that make up both DNA and RNA molecules are known as these.
Give me the three parts.
What is a nucleotide?
Phophate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base
If two error bars representing +/- 2SEM on a graph overlap significantly between two experimental groups, this conclusion is drawn regarding their population means.
What is that the difference is not statistically significant?