03/10 Jeopardy

Cellular Respiration

100

What are the 4 stages of the cellular respiration?

1) Glycolysis

2) Pyruvate oxidation

3) Citric Acid Cycle

4) Oxidative phosphorylation

200

How many ATP are overall produced in cellular respiration?

32 ATP

300

Name the components of the electron transport chain?

Bonus: Where, in the mitochondria, is the electron transport chain located?

Complex 1 and 2 (coenzyme q)

Complex 3 (cytochrome c)

Complex 4

Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane

400

What are the two subunits of ATP synthase? What are their functions?

Subunit 1: F0 proton channel --> Protons flow through F0, causing it to rotate.

This rotation converts potential energy from proton gradient into mechanical rotational energy.

Subunit 2: F1 subunit --> F0 rotation causes F1 subunit to rotate and change conformation (shape) which converts ADP + Pi to ATP.

500

Name the 3 inputs and 3 outputs of pyruvate oxidation?

Bonus: Where in the mitochondria does pyruvate oxidation take place?

3 inputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, Coenzyme A

3 outputs: 2 acetyl-coA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

Location: Mitochondrial matrix

Photosynthesis

100

Why is chlorophyll green?

Chlorophyll is green because it is bad at absorbing green light (it reflects green light). 

200

What is the overall equation of photosynthesis?

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light --> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

(carbon dioxide, water, light --> glucose, oxygen)

300

Where is the photosynthetic electron transport chain located in the chloroplast?

The photosynthetic electron transport chain is in the thylakoid membrane.

400

What is a Z-scheme?

A Z-scheme is a diagram that reflects the energy of an electron as it moves from photosystem 2 to photosystem 1 on the electron transport chain. Electrons lose energy as they move through PS2 and a 2nd input of light energy in PS1 raises the energy. 

500

What are the 3 steps of the calvin cycle?

1) Carboxylation (Rubisco catalyzes the addition of CO₂ to the 5C RuBP making an unstable 6C molecule that is immediately broken down into 2 3-carbon molecules: 3-PGA)

2) Reduction: ATP phosphorylates 3PGA and NADPH reduces it --> Forms 6 triose phosphates (G3P)

3) Regeneration of RuBP: 5 of the 6 triose phosphates are used to make more RuBP for the cycle. 1 G3P exits the cycle and is used to make glucose. 

Cell Signaling

100

What are the 4 types of cells associated with cell signaling?

1) Signaling cell

2) Signaling molecule

3) Receptor protein

4) Responding cell

200

What is another word for signaling molecules?

Ligand

300

What are the 4 steps in cell signaling?

1) Receptor activation

2) Signal transduction

3) Response

4) Termination

400

What kind of signal is over long distances?

Bonus: Give one example of where that is found in the body.

Endocrine signaling

- Hormones through the bloodstream

500

What kind of signaling is over short distances?

Bonus: Give one example of where this is found in the body

Paracrine signaling

- Example: Growth factors, diffusion

Tissues

100

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

- Epithelial

- Muscle

- Connective

- Nervous

200

What is the word for the insoluble meshwork composed of proteins and polysaccharides?

- This structure contributes to structural support and differentiation. 

Extracellular matrix

300

What are the three layers of the plant extracellular matrix?

1) Primary cell wall

2) Secondary cell wall

3) Middle lamella

400

What is the basal lamina?

The basal lamina provides support for epithelial tissues. It is a specialized layer of ECM that is beneath all epithelial tissues. It's made of several proteins, including a type of collagen that provides flexibility to the tissue and scaffolding for other proteins to associate with it. 

500

What are the subunits of microtubules versus microfilaments?

Microfilament subunit: Actin monomers arranged in a helix.

Microtubules: Alpha and beta tubulin subunits arranged in tube like structures. 

Exam 3 Misc.

100

What is phosphofructosekinase (PFK-1)?

PFK 1 is an allosteric (regulatable) enzyme that catalyzes the third step in glycolysis. It is activated by ADP and AMP and is inhibited by ATP and citrate. 

200

What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

Oxygen (O₂)

300

What occurs after glycolysis if no oxygen is present in the cell?

- In what organism does each type occur?

Fermentation

Plants: Ethanol

Animals: Lactic Acid

400

Describe 2 photosynthetic challenges?

1) Excess energy (can be turned into highly reactive, damaging species called free radicals)

2) Photorespiration: Rubisco can add O₂ to RuBP instead of CO₂ (wastes a lot of ATP and CO₂)

500

What is the main role of antioxidants? 

Neutralize reactive oxygen species (free radicals)

- Certain pigments (xanthophylls) can serve as antioxidants.