chemistry & thermodynamics
3 main functions of carbohydrates
Supplying energy + storing energy, structure, glycoproteins
List 3 differences between DNA and RNA
RNA: ribose (-OH), uracil, single-stranded
DNA: deoxyribose, thymine, double-stranded
What is the difference between the minus and plus end of an actin filament?
ATP vs. ADP bound
What “players” in nuclear import are found on both sides of the membrane?
Importin, Ran
A strong acid has a __(high/low)___ pKa and is ___(protonated/deprotonated)___ in a neutral solution
low, deprotonated
How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcription in bacteria? Be specific.
-35 and -10 on promoter
Walk through the steps of myosin movement.
Attachment -> released -> cocked -> force-generating -> attachment
Difference between primary and secondary messengers & example of each
Primary: ligands (eg adrenaline), secondary: amplifies signals inside cell (eg cAMP)
Two amino acids that can’t form an alpha helix?
Glycine (achiral; too flexible) and proline (imino acid; causes kinks)
What is needed in order for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to bind a tRNA to an amino acid and why?
ATP hydrolysis because it requires energy to form covalent bond
How are chromosomes attached to microtubules during mitosis? What keeps them from falling off during depolymerization?
Kinetochores (Dam 1 complex)
Which step in the membrane fusion process which requires ATP and what would happen if it didn't take place?
Unwinding of v-SNARE and t-SNARE. If they were not separated using energy from ATP, future vesicle fusion would stop because there would eventually be no free v-SNARE and t-SNARE
Why is ATP considered a high-energy molecule?
The phosphoanhydride bonds (connecting the phosphate groups) are unstable and can be easily broken and reattached to other molecules, releasing energy
Name 3 common mutations that occur after replication. By what method can these be repaired?
Depurination, deamination, thymine dimers
mismatch repair
How does HPV affect S-phase entry?
Binds to Rb protein so E2F always active
What brings transmembrane proteins to the ER membrane?
SRP and SRP receptors (SRP recognizes and binds to transmembrane region on polypeptide being built by a ribosome, and pulls the ribosome and the polypeptide to the membrane by binding to SRP receptor on the membrane)
List Minden’s axioms!!
Molecules “see” each other via their electron shell interactions.
Life is all about molecular interactions.
No molecular interaction is perfect, they are always breathing-binding and unbinding.
Life is regulated by conformational change.
What is the difference between EF-Tu and EF-G?
EF-Tu: GTPase that catalyzes binding of aa-tRNA to ribosome
EF-G: GTPase that moves ribosome over by one codon
What would happen if there was a mutation in Wee1? Cak? Cdc25?
Wee1: smaller cells because division happens prematurely
Cak: longer cells because no activating phosphate
Cdc25: longer cells because inhibitory phosphate can’t be removed
What would be the consequence to nuclear import if a mutation in RAN-GEF caused it to lose its affinity to chromatin?
The gradient of Ran-GTP and Ran-GTP would be lost because RAN-GEF could cross into the cytoplasm and convert Ran-GDP back to Ran-GTP, and nuclear import would stop working.