Water
Fill in the blank:
Water is a universal ______________.
Solvent (the dissolving agent of a solution)
*polar substances
True or false: Potential energy is the energy associated with motion.
False! Potential energy is associated with position.
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
What is organic chemistry?
What is surface tension?
The measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
- In water, the hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to stay close to each other, which leads to surface tension.
Cohesion: Hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to stay close to each other.
Adhesion: Water's tendency to stick to other surfaces because of its polar nature.
What is temperature?
The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter, regardless of the volume.
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
An element is a pure substance consisting of 1 type of atom and can be identified by its atomic number. A compound is 2+ elements combined in a fixed ratio.
What is an isomer?
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and different properties.
What are the 4 major elements of life?
1) carbon (C)
2) hydrogen (H)
3) oxygen (O)
4) nitrogen (N)
What is unique about ice?
Water is less dense when solid (frozen) than when liquid.
- Typically, liquids become more dense when they freeze. This unique density difference causes ice to float on water. This is due to water's tendency to form a crystalline lattice structure that causes expansion.
What is kinetic energy?
Energy of motion.
What does the atomic number of an element mean?
Bonus: What is the atomic number of oxygen (O)?
Bonus: The atomic number of oxygen is 8.
Differentiate between the 3 types of isomers: structural, enantiomers, geometric.
Structural: Differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms. Atoms are connected in different ways.
Enantiomers: Molecules that are mirror images of each other.
Geometric isomers: All have the same covalent partnerships but differ in their spatial arrangements. (Can be cis: same side, or trans: opposite side). Groups are positioned around a double bond or ring.
What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?
A covalent bond is a bond formed between 2 atoms that share a pair of valence electrons. An ionic bond is a bond formed between 2 oppositely charge ions via the loss or gain of an electron.
What are the 4 key characteristics of water?
1) Cohesion and adhesion properties
2) Expands upon freezing
3) Ability to moderate temperature (high heat capacity)
4) Universal (polar) solvent
What is a calorie?
A calorie is the energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius.
What two subatomic particles comprise an atom's atomic mass?
The atomic mass is the number of protons + the number of neutrons.
*Remember, electrons are virtually weightless.
Name 3 functional groups
- Hydroxyl
- Carbonyl
- Carboxyl
- Amino
- Sulfhydryl
- Phosphate
- Methyl
Hydrogen ion concentration
- Measure of acidity and alkalinity (how acidic or basic a substance is).
True or False: H2O is nonpolar.
False! Water is polar. The O atom is more electronegative than the H atoms, so that side has a greater pull on electrons, creating a dipole.
What is specific heat?
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change temperature 1 degree celsius.
What is an isotope?
Which functional group is nonpolar?
Methyl
Define electronegativity
Electronegativity is an inherent property of an element that describes its affinity for electrons. (Strength in attracting electrons to itself/how much that element "wants" electrons)