Evolution and Phylogeny
The specimen from which a species is first described.
What is a Holotype?
What is a notochord?
What is the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
The axial skeleton is down the main axis of the body and the appendicular includes appendages
The digestive region of annelids, insects, octopi, birds, to store and soften food before digestion
What is a crop
What direction to veins and arteries carry blood?
arteries carry blood away from heart, veins carry back to heart
The term describing the loss of a trait during evolution to better survive
What is exaptation?
2 Part question, 100 pts per question:
What is the invertebrate internment consist of? (2 mwin)
What germ layers do these stem from?
1) Epidermis - ectodermal origin
2) Dermis - mesodermal origin
Name the two types of skeletons and how they differ
1) Rigid - endoskeleton and exoskeleton
2) Hydrostatic - fluid, incompressible
Where most absorption occurs during digestion
What is the small intestine
Why is it important to have a circulatory system in animals.
Bc of surface area to volume ratio, large animals cannot rely on diffusion for nutrients to provide for tissues
What is Homology?
Light reflecting cells that contain crystals and not pigment, often found in cephalopods and fish.
What are iridiophores
Microscopic unit of muscle
What is a sarcomere?
Two types of adipose tissue that assist in terminal digestion and absorption
1) White Adipose - stores surplus fat and carbs, distributed throughout body, particularly under skin.
2) Brown Adipose - generates heat, contains abundant mitochondria, stimulated by cold temperature and excess food.
Which types of blood circulation systems are found in fishes, mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles, and how does the number of blood flow circuits differ among them?
1) fishes - single circuit
2) mammals/birds - double circuit
3) amphibians/reptiles - in between
The term for when adults retain juvenile characteristics
what is paedomorphosis?
What are the two subgroups of Vertebrata? (will give points if you can tell me why they are different bc their names are hard)
1) Superclass Agnatha: jawless vertebrates
2) Superclass Gnathostomata: jawed vertebrates
What are the two types of bone development?
1) from cartilage (endochronal bone)
2) from sheets of embryonic cells (dermal bone)
What are the two types of digestion and how are they defined?
1) intracellular digestion = food broken down in cell cytoplasm (sponges and protists)
2) extracellular digestion = digestion of large food masses, specialized cells in alimentary canal form digestive secretions while others absorb (all other animals)
What is the difference between open circulation and closed.
extra points: what type of animals can you find each one?
Open circulation: Blood flows freely, not confined to vessels; found in invertebrates; most molluscs, arthropods
Closed Circulation: Blood is confined to vessels and circulates in a continuous loop; found in vertebrates, annelids, cephalopods, some molluscs)
Tell me the three keys to support evolution and natural selection.
1) there exists a struggle for existence
2) those with characters that better allow them to survive/reproduce do so at a greater rate than those without
3) over time this leads to adaption and changes in organisms/species
Name as many synapomorphies of vertebrates as you can. (Hint there’s 6 we talked about) you get 100 points per correct one
1) cranium (braincase)
2) exoskeleton and endoskeleton of bone or cartilage
3) W shaped muscles, organized in myomeres
4) pharynx
5) tripartite brain
6) embryonic neural crest and ectodermal placodes (thickened regions of the embryonic ectoderm that give rise to various sensory organs and structures in vertebrates)
What are the 3 types of muscular movement
1) Ameboid movement - foot sticks out and moves
2) cilliar/flagellar movement - cilium beat and flagella whip around
3) muscular movement - contractile Cells and muscle fibers do their thing
Can you name three gut adaptations that assist in the breaking down of food and early digestion?
extra points if you can name the type of animals we can see in
1) cecum - blind pouch at beginning of large intestine that holds bacteria, primarily scene in plant eaters like rabbit
2) rumen - large initial stomach compartment in ruminant mammals where fermentation breaks down cellulose (ex cows, camels, goats, sheep, deer, giraffe, if you said ruminant mammals that counts)
3) gizzard - heavily muscled stomach compartment used for grinding food, usually by swallowing rocks and grit. birds (and some dinosaurs)
What is one fetal shortcut in the pigs heart and why do they have it.
Foramen Ovale it is used to prevent blood from pumping into the lungs of the fetus.