Unit 1
What are the 5 levels of organisms in order?
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous?
Homozygous: two identical alleles
Heterozygous: two different alleles
What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?
Exergonic: releases energy and occurs spontaneously
Endergonic: requires energy input to occur (non-spontaneous)
bonus: what is the process essential for endergonic reactions to occur called? (energy/reaction coupling)
What is Evolution?
The accumulation of genetic changes
within populations over time
Name 3 of the 6 characteristics of life
–Are composed of cells
–Grow and develop
–Regulate their metabolic processes
–Respond to stimuli
–Reproduce
–Adapt to the environment
What are the 3 most common polysaccharides?
Starches
Glycogen
Cellulose
What are the building blocks of DNA?
Nucleotides consisting of:
Pentose sugar deoxyribose
Phosphate
One of four nitrogenous bases
What is a stomata?
Microscopic pores of leaf where gas exchange occurs
What is population genetics?
The study of genetic variability within a
population and of the evolutionary forces
that act on it
What are the nitrogenous bases for DNA?
Bonus 100pts: Which are purines and which are pyrimidines?
Adenine- purine
Guanine- purine
Thymine- pyrimidine
Cytosine- pyrimidine
List the 4 levels of protein structure
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
What are the 3 steps of both transcription and translation?
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
What are the types of membrane proteins?
Integral membrane proteins: amphipathic proteins firmly bound to the membrane
Transmembrane proteins: integral proteins that extend completely through the membrane
Peripheral membrane proteins: located on inner or outer surface of palsma membrane, bound to exposed regions of integral proteins
True or False: Evolution occurs in individuals.
False. Evolution occurs in populations, not
individuals
What is Genotype Frequency?
The proportion of a particular genotype in
a population, expressed as a decimal or
fraction
measures genetic variation
What is the cell theory?
•Cells are the basic living units of organization and function in all organisms
•All cells come from other cells
•All living cells have a common origin
What are silencers?
DNA sequences that can decrease
transcription
Theoretically, how much ATP is formed from each stage of the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?
Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP
electron transport chain: 34 ATP
What does a pathogen need in order to cause a disease?
To cause disease, a pathogen must be
adapted to adhere to a specific cell type,
multiply and produce toxic substances
What are enhancers?
DNA sequences that help form an
active transcription initiation complex
What type of cells are peroxisomes abundant in?
Human liver and kidney cells
bonus points: for what the peroxisomes role is (breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances)
What is telomerase?
an enzyme that adds nucleotides to telomeric DNA
bonus: what is a telomere (protective caps of repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of our chromosomes)
What is the difference between photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoautotrophs?
Photoautotrophs use light energy to make organic molecules from CO₂
Chemoheterotrophs obtain both energy and carbon from organic molecules
Photoheterotrophs use light for energy but need organic compounds for carbon
Chemoautotrophs use inorganic chemicals for energy and CO₂ as their carbon source.
How Did Eukaryotes Evolve?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts probably
originated from endosymbionts, which assumes certain organelles arose from symbiotic relationships between larger cells and smaller cells bacteria incorporated to live within them
What happens in the electron transport chain?
electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to oxygen, creating a proton gradient and resulting in the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
bonus: what are NADH, FADH2, and oxygen called? (electron carriers)