Imagery
What is the analog approach?
Creating a mental image of an object that closely resembles the actual, perceptual image on your retina
What is a cognitive map?
A mental representation of geographical information, the relationship among objects.
The basic unit of network is ... which is ...
A proposition -- the smallest unit of knowledge that can be judged as true
How do schemas work?
They encode "generic" information about a situation, use generic information to guide individuals through new examples
What are the results of the Imagery Debate?
Behavioral and cognitive neuroscientific data support an analog code. However, the effects of ambiguous visual images are difficult for the analog account to accommodate.
What are the results of Franklin and Tversky (1990)
The vertical dimension (above or below) much quicker (fastest) than ahead-behind, than left-right dimension (slowest)
The PDP Approach allows for ...
What is the difference between a script and a life script?
A script is a simple sequence of events in a specified order, while a life script is a list of events that a person believes would be the most important throughout their lifetime
Focused on the mental image v.s. the actual. They showed a series of objects in different locations. Judged if objects are the same or different, and measured time in reaction. Decision time is strongly influenced by the amount o mental rotation required to make a decision.
When are heuristics used?
When estimating distances between locations, the size of an angle on a map, the severity of curves, and how much something was tilted or aligned.
Briefly describe the 2 types of network models
Anderson's ACT-R Approach is an adaptive control of throughout-rational
The Parallel Distributed Processing approach is a network of simple, neuron-like units that process information simultaneously
When do schemas influence our cognitive processes?
Schemas influence our cognitive processes in the initial selection of material, remembering visual scenes, abstraction, and final recesses of integration
Explain the classical research on Visual Imagery
We can combine mental images, identify new intersections, and locate similar unanticipated shapes in mental images. People can create mental images using both propositional and analog codes.
Name at least 3 times of biases/heuristics with definition
Landmark effect: the tendency to provide shorter distance estimates when traveling to a landmark v.s. non-landmark
90-degree-angle heuristic: tendency to “regularize” angles to 90 degrees; represent angles on a map as being closer to 90° than they really are
Symmetry heuristic: the tendency to remember figures as more symmetrical than they really are
Rotation heuristic: a figure that is slightly tilted will be remembered as being either more vertical or more horizontal than it really is
Alignment heuristic: the tendency to think a series of separate geographical structures are more lined up than they really are
It is generally consistent with the neurological design of neurons in the brain. It works better for tasks in which several processes typically operate simultaneously. And in which networks must learn about pattered input that is highly structured.
What extension did Intraub and Berkowits research on? What did they do?
Boundary extension. They presented students with a garbage image, and the participants then produced a sketch that extended boundaries, revealed that they activated a perceptual schema