BPH
•What happens to the prostate gland in BPH?
•Glandular units undergo nodular tissue hyperplasia, leading to enlargement and bladder outlet obstruction.
Define urolithiasis
Formation of stones in the urinary tract
Define azotemia and uremia
•Azotemia: buildup of nitrogen wastes. Uremia: azotemia with symptoms.
•What is the primary purpose of hemodialysis?
To remove waste products, excess fluid, and balance electrolytes when kidneys fail
•What is the main difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?
•Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneum as the semipermeable membrane inside the abdomen.
•Name one modifiable and one unmodifiable risk factor for BPH.
•Modifiable: Obesity or beverage consumption. Unmodifiable: Age or family history.
•What is the most common cause of stone formation?
Dehydration
What are the two main causes of CKD
Hypertension and diabetes mellitus
•What type of vascular access provides long-term use for hemodialysis?
•Arteriovenous (AV) fistula or graft.
•What should be done if outflow is less than inflow during PD?
•Reposition the patient or check for kinks in the tubing.
•What does a 'uniform, elastic, nontender' prostate indicate compared to a 'stony-hard nodule'?
•BPH vs. Prostate cancer.
•Which symptom indicates urinary tract obstruction?
Oliguria or anuria
•What lab trend occurs with potassium as CKD progresses?
Potassium rises as urine output decreases
•What should the nurse assess before and after dialysis?
•Vital signs, weight, access site bruit/thrill, and lab values (K+, BUN, creatinine).
•What are early signs of peritonitis in a PD patient?
•Cloudy effluent, abdominal pain, fever.
•Name one alpha-adrenergic blocker and one nursing consideration.
•Tamsulosin – monitor BP, change positions slowly.
•What is the priority nursing intervention for renal colic?
Administer opioids as ordered
•A patient with CKD reports stopping diuretic use—what’s the correct nursing response?
"The diuretic will reduce your blood pressure and may slow disease progression.”
•List one common complication during dialysis and a nursing response.
Hypotension—stop dialysis temporarily, place patient flat, and administer fluids as ordered
•What type of solution is used in peritoneal dialysis?
•Dialysate containing dextrose in varying concentrations.
•Calculate output: 1200 mL irrigation infused; 2050 mL in drainage bag.
•Calculate output: 1200 mL irrigation infused; 2050 mL in drainage bag.
•A diabetic client post-nephrolithotomy has O2 sat 88%—what should the nurse do?
•Intervene immediately—respiratory distress is priority.
•List two nursing interventions to manage fluid overload.
•Daily weights, monitor I&O, restrict fluids, monitor for edema or crackles.
•What is an important post-dialysis nursing consideration?
Monitor for bleeding, assess access site, and avoid blood pressure or IVs in the access arm
•What nursing intervention helps prevent infection during PD exchanges?
•Maintain strict aseptic technique during exchanges.