Hormone Sources
Produced in the stomach, these specific cells are responsible for secreting Gastrin.
What are G cells?
This basic physical presence in the stomach is the main stimulus for Gastrin release.
What is food?
Gastrin’s main job is to increase the secretion of pepsinogen and this potent acid.
What is HCl (Hydrochloric acid)?
This hormone is nicknamed the "Universal 'off' switch" because it decreases all GI functions.
What is Somatostatin?
What is the primary effect of Motilin on gastrointestinal motility between meals?
Increasing the migrating motor complex (MMC)
Found in the small intestine, these cells are the source of Cholecystokinin (CCK).
What are I cells?
This specific chemical condition in the duodenum triggers the release of Secretin.
What is acid? (or Low pH)
CCK causes the gallbladder to contract and increases the secretion of enzymes from this organ.
What is the pancreas?
Both GIP and GLP-1 share this primary action, which helps manage blood sugar after eating.
What is insulin release?
Which of the hormone does NOT have a stimulatory effect on GI motility or emptying
GIP
These cells in the small intestine release Secretin in response to low pH.
What are S cells?
Both Motilin and Ghrelin are primarily stimulated by this physiological state.
What is fasting?
Secretin stimulates the secretion of this neutralizing substance from the pancreas and liver.
What is HCO3- (Bicarbonate)?
Secretin stimulates these specific glands to increase mucous release.
What are Brunner's glands?
Gastrin release from G cells is primarily stimulated by food in the stomach; what are its two primary actions?
↑ HCl and ↑ pepsinogen
Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) is secreted by these specific intestinal cells.
What are K cells?
Beyond just acid, these two GI hormones also serve as stimuli for Somatostatin.
What are Gastrin and CCK?
Motilin is responsible for increasing GI motility between meals via this three-word complex.
What is the Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)?
GLP-1 has the opposite effect of GIP on this hormone; while GIP focuses on insulin, GLP-1 specifically decreases this one.
What is Glucagon?
A patient has a condition resulting in the hypersecretion of a hormone from S cells. Which physiological change would you expect to observe?
Increased pancreatic and liver HCO3- secretion
These cells, found in both the stomach and small intestine, produce the "universal off switch" known as Somatostatin.
What are D cells?
While many hormones respond to specific macros, GLP-1 is broadly stimulated by the presence of these in the ileum and colon.
What are nutrients?
Ghrelin is unique for increasing these three things: appetite, gastric motility, and the release of this pituitary hormone.
What is GH (Growth Hormone)?
While several hormones are stimulated by "food," this specific hormone is triggered by food in the duodenum and is named for its "glucose-dependent" action on insulin.
What is Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP)?
How does Cholecystokinin (CCK) coordinate the digestion of food in the duodenum with the activity of the stomach?
By stimulating the gallbladder while slowing gastric emptying