Mixed
This French philosopher is famous for his wit, his advocacy for freedom of speech and religion, and his frequent slogan "Écrasez l'infâme" ("Crush the loathsome thing").
Who is Voltaire?
This Renaissance intellectual movement focused on the study of Greek and Roman classics and the potential of the individual.
What is Humanism?
This massive 28-volume set of books was edited by Denis Diderot with the goal of "changing the general way of thinking" by compiling all known knowledge
What is the Encyclopédie?
This "Father of Humanism" was a 14th-century poet who labeled the Middle Ages as the "Dark Ages" and revived interest in classical Latin.
Who is Petrarch?
This political theory, notably argued by Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan, suggests that only a strong central authority can prevent the "war of all against all."
What is Absolutism?
This "Revolution" of the 16th and 17th centuries saw a massive rise in prices and the expansion of the global trade network.
What is the Price Revolution?
This 1598 decree by Henry IV granted French Huguenots substantial rights and religious tolerance.
What is the Edict of Nantes?
This Enlightenment economic ideology, championed by Adam Smith, argues that the "invisible hand" of the market should operate without government interference
What is Laissex-faire?
In 18th-century England, this movement involved consolidating small landholdings into larger, fenced-in farms, increasing efficiency but displacing many peasants.
What is the Enclosure Movement?
Martin Luther’s primary grievance against the Catholic Church involved the sale of these, which promised the remission of temporal punishment for sins.
What are Indulgences?
This religious philosophy, popular among Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire, posits that God created the universe but does not intervene in its daily affairs.
What is Deism?
This Chief Minister to Louis XIII was the quintessential "politique" who worked to centralize French power and limit the influence of the Huguenots.
Who is Cardinal Richelieu?
This English monarch broke with the Roman Catholic Church to form the Church of England through the 1534 Act of Supremacy.
Who is Henry VIII?
This meeting (1545–1563) was the centerpiece of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, reaffirming traditional doctrines while banning the sale of indulgences.
What is the Council of Trent?
This intellectual approach, used by René Descartes, asserts that reason is the primary source of all knowledge, rather than sensory experience.
What is Rationalism?
This Enlightenment philosopher wrote The Social Contract and argued that the "General Will" should govern society.
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
This system involved merchants delivering raw materials to rural households to be processed into finished goods, bypassing urban guilds.
What is the Putting-out system (or Cottage Industry)?
This "Enlightened Despot" of Russia corresponded with Diderot and Voltaire, but famously doubled down on serfdom after the violent Pugachev Rebellion.
Who is Catherine the Great?
This Renaissance concept, defined by Baldassare Castiglione, describes the "universal man" who is skilled in the arts, sciences, athletics, and social graces.
What is Civic Humanism (or the Renaissance Man)?
This "Enlightened Despot" of Prussia promoted religious tolerance and educational reform but famously refused to abolish serfdom.
Who is Frederick the Great?
Often called the "last of the religious wars," this 17th-century conflict began over theological disputes in Bohemia but ended with a series of treaties that largely removed the Pope from international diplomacy and established the modern secular state system.
What is the Thirty Years' War?
Championed by Francis Bacon, this scientific ideology argues that all knowledge must be derived from sensory experience and observable evidence rather than tradition.
What is Empiricism?
This Polish astronomer’s 1543 work, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, first proposed a heliocentric model of the universe.
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus?
This 1713 treaty ended the War of Spanish Succession, preventing the unification of the French and Spanish thrones and granting Britain the asiento (slave trade monopoly).
What is the Peace of Utrecht?
This 1763 treaty ended the Seven Years' War, resulting in France losing nearly all its North American territory to Great Britain.
What is the Treaty of Paris (1763)?