GEOGRAPHY
Explain the difference between weather and climate.
Weather = short-term atmospheric conditions; Climate = long-term patterns (30+ years).
Why is the Industrial Revolution considered a turning point in human history?
It transformed production, society, urbanization, and class structure.
Why was nomadism well suited to the geography of the Kazakh steppe?
Climate, vast grasslands, seasonal migration.
What is the difference between “say”, “tell”, and “speak”?
Say = words; Tell = person + info; Speak = formal/general.
What is the difference between a theme and a plot?
Theme = idea; Plot = events.
What type of climate is characterized by hot summers and cold winters?
Continental climate
What ideological difference divided the world during the Cold War?
Capitalism vs communism.
What role did the biys play in traditional Kazakh society?
Judges, lawmakers, mediators.
Replace the underlined phrase with a phrasal verb:
He carried on.
What part of the plant carries out photosynthesis?
Leaf
What is urbanization, and one problem it can cause?
Growth of cities; pollution, housing shortages, traffic.
What is the main difference between democracy and dictatorship?
Power of people vs power of one/few.
Why was the Alash movement important despite its political failure?
It formed national consciousness and intellectual foundations.
Explain the difference in meaning:
“I stopped to smoke.” vs “I stopped smoking.”
Stopped in order to smoke vs quit the habit.
What is the square root of 144?
12
Why are earthquakes more common along tectonic plate boundaries?
Because plates collide, separate, or slide past each other, releasing energy
Which ancient ruler was known for reforms that strengthened the Persian Empire?
Darius I
Name one consequence of collectivization in Kazakhstan.
Famine, loss of nomadic life, population decline.
Rewrite using passive voice:
“They will announce the results tomorrow.”
The results will be announced tomorrow.
What is the formula for calculating speed?
Speed = distance ÷ time
How could climate change increase geopolitical conflicts in the future?
Through resource scarcity (water, food), climate migration, territorial disputes.
Was the Cold War more ideological or geopolitical? Justify your answer.
Ideological
Why is preserving historical memory important for Kazakhstan today?
Identity, lessons from past, unity.
“I used to work here.” vs “I am used to working here.”
Past habit vs being accustomed.
What is Newton’s Third Law of Motion?
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.