Vocab
Name for someone who has one gene for a recessive disease, but does not express the disease
Carrier (Heterozygote)
How do you find the probability of two independent events occurring together?
Multiply the individual probabilities
A blue koi is crossed with a yellow koi, and the resultant offspring are all blue-yellow checkered koi. What type of inheritance is this?
Co-Dominance
The presence of an extra chromosome in the genome, leading to disorders such as Edward Syndrome, Patau Syndrome, and Down Syndrome
Trisomy
Which of the following terms best describe DNA replication?
Conservative, Semi-Conservative, Dispersive
Semi-Conservative
The process of creating a second copy of a genome in preparation for mitosis or meiosis.
How do you find the probability of an event that can occur in two separate ways?
Add the individual probabilities
A red salamander is crossed with a blue salamander, and the resultant offspring are all purple salamander. What type of inheritance is this?
Incomplete Dominance
Occasionally, two separate genes with separate phenotypes do not appear to follow the Law of Independent Assortment. What are these genes called?
Linked Genes
What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, deoxyribose, and phosphate
The condition of having one or more extra set of chromosomes. Hint: Deadly in humans, but advantageous in several plants
Polyploidy
Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. If you cross two purple heterozygotes (P1 generation), what are the odds you get a white flower?
1/4
A child has a mother with blonde hair and a father with black hair. However, the child is homozygous-recessive for baldness, so the hair color phenotype will never be seen. What type of inheritance is this?
Epistasis
The phenomenon that causes a gamete to have one or more chromosome missing or extra
Nondisjunction
What did Erwin Chargaff discover about DNA binding
Adenine always pairs with Thymine, Cytosine always pairs with Guanine
The state of a gene affecting or controlling the expression of another gene
Epistasis
Sickle cell anemia is a recessive trait. If two heterozygous carriers have three kids, what is the probability that all three have the disease phenotype?
1/64
A man with red-green color blindness has 100 children. Somehow, absolutely none of them have red-green color blindness. What type of inheritance is this?
X-Linked
List two of the alterations to chromosome structure that can change genetic material AND what happens in those alterations
Deletion - A chromosomal segment is lost
Duplication - A chromosomal segment is repeated and doubled
Inversion - Multiple segments of a single chromosome are flipped around
Translocation - A segment of one chromosome is moved to another
What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication?
Prokaryotic replication has a single origin of replication around its circular chromosome, while eukaryotic has several origins around its linear chromosomes.
Pieces of DNA during replication that are 100-200 base pairs long and are a result of DNA polymerase's need to run 5'->3'
Okazaki Fragments
For human blood type, type A and type B are Codominant and are Dominant to type O. Additionally, Rh-positive is dominant to Rh-negative. If we know a mother is AB-negative and a father is O-positive (and they are homozygous for Rh-positive), what is the probability their child will be B-negative.
0% (The child cannot have a negative blood-type)
A population of cats contains 15 different phenotypes for eye color. After some testing, it is determined that eye-color is determined by a single gene locus. What type of inheritance is eye color in cats in this case?
What would it be if there were several gene loci?
Multiple alleles
Polygenic inheritance (or a mix of both)
In the context of linked genes on a specific chromosome, when an organism has a wild-type parent and a mutant parent it will have one wild-type chromosome and one mutant chromosome. When crossed with a mutant, most of the offspring of this organism will be "parental" and have either the wild-type or mutant trait for both genes. What will the other offspring be called?
Recombinant
Name three proteins involved in replication AND their functions
Helicase: Unwinds and separates strands
Topoisomerase: Relieves strain of unwinding ahead of the replication fork
Primase: Synthesizes RNA primers
Single-Strand Binding Proteins: Stabilize unwound strands
DNA polymerase I: Replaces RNA primers with DNA
DNA polymerase III: Adds nucleotides to growing new strands
Nuclease: Cuts out incorrect nucleotides
Ligase: Joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand