Historical Circumstances
Before the Enlightenment, what organization had the most influence on how people in Europe lived and what they thought?
Catholic Church
Enlightenment thinkers often challenged the power of ________ monarchs.
Absolute Monarchs.
Who believed humans are selfish and need a strong ruler to avoid chaos?
Thomas Hobbes
In the 1700s, most of Europe was still ruled by what kind of monarch?
Absolute Monarchies
Who was a female author and activist who believed that women were born with natural rights and needed a good education?
Mary Wollstonecraft
Which French monarch was beheaded by guillotine as a result of the French Revolution?
Louis XVI
What was Napoleon's main goal as a military leader?
To conquer and unite all of Europe
This was the name given to the representative body of the three estates called into session by Louis XVI
What is Estates General
How did the Protestant Reformation challenge the Catholic Church’s power?
Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church by translating the Bible and encouraging people to read it for themselves.
What invention allowed Enlightenment ideas to spread more quickly?
The Printing Press
Who argued for natural rights: life, liberty, and property?
John Locke
Which Enlightenment ideas challenged absolute monarchy?
Ideas like natural rights, social contract, and separation of powers.
Describe one way the printing press leads to new the increase of literacy in Europe.
The printing press and literacy would allow scientists, philosophers, and other scholars to write and spread their ideas more quickly.
Why did King Louis XVI get beheaded?
He was found to be trying to stop the revolution with the help of other European royals and he had failed the people too many times with his awful leadership
What were the sets of laws created by Napoleon called?
The Napoleonic Code
This was the name of the class of people in France which included everyone except for the nobility and clergymen
What is Third Estate
How did the Scientific Revolution inspire Enlightenment thinkers?
Scientists used observation and reason, inspiring philosophers to apply logic to politics and society.
Name one revolution influenced by Enlightenment ideas.
The American Revolution, French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, Latin American Revolutions
Who supported separation of powers in government?
Baron de Montesquieu
The French Revolution happened after which time period — the Middle Ages or the Enlightenment?
The Enlightenment
France - Louis XVI
Russia - Peter the Great
Who took control of France following the beheading of the last monarch?
Robespierre
BONUS:
Where was Napoleon exiled the first time?
Elba, an island off Italy in the Mediterranean Sea
How did urbanization, salons, and coffeehouses spread Enlightenment ideas?
They gave people places to meet, read, and talk about Enlightenment ideas.
What document from the French Revolution reflected Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality?
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Who believed government should be based on the “general will” of the people?
Jean-Jacques-Rousseau
Did Enlightenment ideas inspire people to want change?
Yes. The people wanted more freedom and rights.
Identify two people that were key to the Scientific Revolution
Copernicus, Galileo, and Issac Newton
What was the name given to the period of time when Robespierre ruled over France?
Reign of Terror
What meeting happened after Napoleon was defeated to try to rebuild Europe?
The Congress of Vienna
Why did the Enlightenment happen when and where it did (Europe, 1600s–1700s)?
Because Europe had absolute monarchs, the Protestant Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, more books/literacy, and growing cities.
How did Enlightenment ideals influence the U.S. government system?
The Enlightenment ideas encouraged the division of US government into three branches and the ideas of "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"
Which Enlightenment thinker’s ideas inspired the American Declaration of Independence?
John Locke and his idea of natural rights.
True or False: The Enlightenment was the only cause of the French Revolution. Explain.
False.
What revolution would inspire the French Revolution by 1776.
American Revolution
During the Reign of Terror, what happened to people who were seen as threats to the government?
They were usually put on trial, convicted, and killed
What important 1815 battle did Napoleon lose?
Waterloo