Musculoskeletal System
Name a function of the skeletal system
-give the body its shape
-protect internal organs
-allow for movement
-store minerals and produce blood cells
Name a function of the respiratory system
-Respiration
-Ventilation
-Oxygenation and removal of CO2 (carbon dioxide)
-Serve as a buffer to maintain a normal acid-base balance
Name a function of the circulatory system
-providing a medium for movement of oxygen/nutrients and removal of CO2/waste products in/out of cells
-transport blood to cells and the alveoli for gas exchange
-serving as a reservoir to house blood
-serve as medium for buffering the body's acid-base balance
-provide mechanism to deliver immune cells and other substance to fight infection
-contain substances that promote clotting
Name a function of the nervous system
-controlling and maintaing a conscious and aware state
-transmitting sensory stimuli to the brain for interpretation
-controlling motor function/transmitting motor impulses to muscle for voluntary and involuntary movement
-controlling body function through the autonomic nervous system
What are the secretions from the endocrine systems' glands called?
Hormones
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine?
5
What is the average range of breaths per minute?
12-20; normal range is 8-24
Name a valve in the heart
-tricuspid valve
-pulmonary valve
-mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
-aortic valve
Name a part of the central nervous system
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brainstem
Which two hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands?
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
Name the thighbone
Femur
EMTs cannot provide interventions in which airway?
Lower airway; trachea and below
Which node is known as the pacemaker of the heart?
Sinoatrial node
Sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system
Which gland is located in the brain?
The pituitary gland; the "master gland" that regulates growth, the thyroid and parathyroid, the pancreas, the gonads, metabolism of fatty acids and some basic proteins, blood sugar reactions, and urinary excretion
Where is smooth muscle located?
In the walls of tubelike organs, ducts, the respiratory tract, blood vessels, the walls of the intestine and urinary system
The diaphragm (contracts/relaxes) during inspiration; The diaphragm (contracts/relaxes) during expiration
The diaphragm contracts during inspiration;
The diaphragm relaxes during expiration
Which veins carry oxygen RICH blood to the heart?
Left/right pulmonary veins
Which nerves carry motor information from the brain and spinal cord to the body?
Efferent nerves
Which gland makes insulin?
Islets of Langerhans
What is automaticity?
The ability of the cardiac muscles and cells to generate an impulse on its own even when disconnected from the central nervous system
Explain the differences between respiration, oxygenation, and ventilation
respiration- process of moving oxygen and CO2, aka gas exchange at the alveoli, capillaries, and cells
oxygenation- a form of respiration in which oxygen molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration
ventilation- the changes in pressure inside the chest that cause air to flow into or out of the lungs
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?
Systolic blood pressure- exerted when the left ventricle contracts; diastolic- exerted when the left ventricle is at rest (between contractions)
What must be functioning for a patient to be considered in a conscious state?
The RAS and at least one cerebral hemisphere
Your patient has pale, cool, and clammy skin but normal heart rate. Which adrenal hormone is acting?
Norepinephrine