This was the belief that a ruler’s authority came directly from God.
What is divine right?
Peter the Great and Catherine the Great both expanded this oppressive system that kept peasants tied to the land.
What is serfdom?
This English king’s conflict with Parliament led to civil war and eventually his execution.
Who is Charles I?
This period emphasized reason, individual rights, and the questioning of traditional authority.
What is the Enlightenment?
France’s population was divided into these three groups before the Revolution.
What are the Three Estates?
*Double points
Name two characteristics (other than divine right) common to absolute monarchies.
Ex. centralized power, large standing armies, control over the nobility, use of bureaucracy, lavish spending, or strict control of religion
Serfdom in Russia meant that peasants were legally bound to this.
What is the land and their noble landlords?
This event began when Parliament demanded more power and Charles I refused to accept limits on his rule.
What is the English Civil War?
This philosopher believed people were naturally cruel and needed a powerful government to maintain order.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
The First Estate and Second Estate was made up of what two group?
Who are the clergy and the nobles?
his French monarch, known as the “Sun King,” built the Palace of Versailles and said, “I am the state.”
Who is Louis XIV?
This czar westernized Russia, built a new capital city on the Baltic Sea, and forced nobles to serve the state.
Who is Peter the Great?
The English Civil War ended with this Puritan leader establishing a Commonwealth.
Who is Oliver Cromwell?
This Enlightenment thinker argued that government should protect natural rights—life, liberty, and property.
Who is John Locke?
The Third Estate, which bore most of the tax burden, included these groups of people.
Who are the merchants, commoners, and peasants?
One positive result of absolutism was the creation of more stable governments and stronger nations. Which monarch best represents this?
Who is Peter the Great?
*Trick question - not Russia. Double points.
This thinker wrote The Social Contract, arguing that people give up some rights for the common good.
Who is Rousseau?
This document in 1689 limited the power of the monarchy and affirmed Parliament’s supremacy.
What is the English Bill of Rights?
This French thinker called for separation of powers and checks and balances.
Who is Montesquieu?
Why did the Third Estate revolt?
What is a combination of social inequality, economic hardship, and a lack of political representation?
One major negative result of absolutism was widespread suffering from heavy taxation and warfare. Name one monarch responsible for this.
Who is Louis XIV or Philip II of Spain?
*Trick question - not Russia. Double points.
This economist argued that the free market should be guided by supply and demand, not government control.
Who is Adam Smith?
The English Bill of Rights inspired later democratic principles, including this U.S. document.
What is the U.S. Constitution or the Bill of Rights?
This philosopher defended freedom of speech and religion and criticized corruption in church and government.
Who is Voltaire?
Napoleon rose to power partly due to his military success and strong leadership but fell because of this costly invasion.
What is the invasion of Russia?