Unit 3
What variable determines if energy is consumed or released?
dG
+dG = consumed
-dG = released
How many times does the calvin cycle have to happen to make 1 glucose?
6
What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?
Potential energy: energy stored as a chemical bond, concentration gradient, electrical gradient, etc
Kinetic energy: energy of movement
What are the 6 elements that make up living matter?
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)
What 2 types of properties do elements have?
chemical and physical
What is the difference between an anabolic and catabolic reaction?
Anabolic reactions build molecules from smaller ones; energy required
Catabolic reactions break down molecules into simpler ones; energy released
What is the main goal of lactic acid fermentation?
to make more NAD+!!
pyruvate + NADH = NAD+
How many pyruvates are made from glycolysis?
2
What types of molecules are hydrophilic? Hydrophobic?
Nonpolar molecules and ions are hydrophobic - ex oil
Polar molecules are hydrophilic - ex water
What two things attract to form a hydrogen bond?
a partially negative charge on one molecule + the partially positive charge on H in another molecule
How many electron carriers are made as a result of the CAC?? what are they?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2
What are the important e- donors and e- carriers?
e- donors- NADH, FADH2,NADPH
e- carriers-NAD+, FAD+, NADP+
What happens in a redox reaction?
electrons are transferred from one molecule to another?
True or false. hydrocarbons are polar.
False - Hydrocarbons are Molecules made entirely of H and C. C-H bonds are nonpolar.
What is an atomic nucleus composed of?
protons (+) and neutrons (=)
What are the inputs and outputs of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions?
light-independent:
Inputs: light, water, NADP+, ADP & Pi
Outputs: O2, NADPH, & ATP
Light-dependent
inputs: carbon dioxide (CO2), ATP, and NADPH
outputs are a sugar molecule (like G3P), ADP, and NADP+
What cellular respiration processes will occur if oxygen is present? When oxygen is absent?
If oxygen is present:
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
If oxygen is not present:
Glycolysis
Fermentation
In the following reaction,
NAD+ + H+ +2e- -> NADH
is NAD being oxidized or reduced? how do you know?
NAD+ is being reduced - it is gaining an electron
2 atoms have an electronegativity difference of 0.999. What type of bond do they have? Why not the other types?
they have a polar covalent bond - diff = 0.5 to 1.9
other bond types are nonpolar covalent (diff - 0 to 0.4), ionic bond (>1.9), and hydrogen bond (attraction)
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated: carbons are saturated with H atoms. NO double bonds C=C. results in linear shape, compact
Unsaturated: at least ONE double bond C=C. results in ‘kink’, results in more space
What are locations within cells for each metabolic pathway discussed in the lecture
-glycolysis
-pyruvate oxidation
-citric acid cycle
-oxidative phosphorylation
-fermentation
Glycolysis: reactions occur in the cytoplasm
Pyruvate oxidation: mitochondrial matrix
Citric Acid Cycle: mitochondrial matrix
Oxidative Phosphorylation: mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
Fermentation: cytosol
What do a free energy diagram look like for an endergonic and exergonic reaction (in terms of where products and reactants are, and how to tell whether energy was consumed or released)
draw it on the board >:) mwuahahaha
endergonic: reactants are lower than products, high amount of energy consumed
exergonic: reactants are higher than products, high amount of energy released
In the reaction for cellular respiration,
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —->(Yields) 6CO2 + 6H2O
What processes use the reactants, and what processes make the products? also what specifically results in H2O????
glucose: used in glycolysis
O2: Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, ETC
CO2: made from CAC
H2O: made from ETC (bc oxygen is the final e- acceptor and accepts protons to make water)
What does the valence shell determine? How does it contribute to an atom being stable?
determines how an atom behaves; If the valence shell is full, the atom is stable and won't interact with other atoms
explain the relationship between polarity, electronegativity, and covalent bonds.
Covalent: atoms share one or more electron to fill valence shells
Polarity: e- shared unequally, property of having charged poles
Electronegativity: attractive force that an atom's nucleus exerts on electrons
The types of covalent bonds in a molecule determine polarity, NP vs P covalent bonds have different EN differences