A
In newtons second law, what is usable and unusable energy?
usable = free energy
unusable = entropy
What is the enzyme that adds co2 to a carbon molecule to fix co2?
rubisco
What are the three types of chemical bonds?
covalent, hydrogen, ionic
What are stomata and related gasses
Cells that open and close to allow gas exchange
Gasses are oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor
What is the structure and function of a phospholipid?
Phospholipids: components of the membrane
Components: Polar/hydrophilic head, nonpolar/hydrophobic fatty acid tails
in pyruvate oxidation, what is pyruvate converted into?
acetyl coA
What are the 4 organism types that can do photosynthesis?
Generally any cell that has chloroplasts
Plant cells with chloroplasts
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic protists
In a drawing of an organic molecule, what does each dot represent?
dots = carbons. look at the number of bonds to see how many hydrogens are attached.
What are the important e- donors and e- carriers?
e- donors- NADH, FADH2,NADPH
e- carriers-NAD+, FAD+, NADP+
ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi + free energy
what is the name of this reaction? is it catabolic or anabolic? exergonic or endergonic?
1. hydrolysis
2. catabolic (breaking down)
3. exergonic (release energy)
What are the 4 components of an amino acid?
Carboxyl group, amino group, R group, Hydrogen
What is the general equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —->(Yields) 6CO2 + 6H2O
What cellular respiration processes will occur if oxygen is present? When oxygen is absent?
If oxygen is present:
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
If oxygen is not present:
Glycolysis
Fermentation
2 atoms have an electronegativity difference of 0.999. What type of bond do they have? Why not the other types?
they have a polar covalent bond - diff = 0.5 to 1.9
other bond types are nonpolar covalent (diff - 0 to 0.4), ionic bond (>1.9), and hydrogen bond (attraction)
What are the inputs and outputs of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions?
light-independent:
Inputs: light, water, NADP+, ADP & Pi
Outputs: O2, NADPH, & ATP
Light-dependent
inputs: carbon dioxide (CO2), ATP, and NADPH
outputs are a sugar molecule (like G3P), ADP, and NADP+
In the following reaction,
NAD+ + H+ +2e- -> NADH
is NAD being oxidized or reduced? how do you know?
NAD+ is being reduced - it is gaining an electron
explain the relationship between polarity, electronegativity, and covalent bonds.
Covalent: atoms share one or more electron to fill valence shells
Polarity: e- shared unequally, property of having charged poles
Electronegativity: attractive force that an atom's nucleus exerts on electrons
The types of covalent bonds in a molecule determine polarity, NP vs P covalent bonds have different EN differences
electron transport:
Electrons are passed from a high-energy molecule to a lower-energy molecule in a series of redox reactions. This releases energy, which is used to pump hydrogen ions out of the matrix of the mitochondria and into the intermembrane space.
Chemiosmosis:
H+ ions fall down its concentration gradient through ATP synthase. This movement of H+ provides energy to make atp
What are locations within cells for each metabolic pathway discussed in the lecture
-glycolysis
-pyruvate oxidation
-citric acid cycle
-oxidative phosphorylation
-fermentation
Glycolysis: reactions occur in the cytoplasm
Pyruvate oxidation: mitochondrial matrix
Citric Acid Cycle: mitochondrial matrix
Oxidative Phosphorylation: mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
Fermentation: cytosol
Suppose you are using an enzyme to speed up a chemical reaction. You believe that this enzyme will be able to raise the temperature of the reaction, as well as raise the activation energy and the pH. is your reasoning correct? why or why not?
nope
Enzymes lower ONLY the activation energy and nothing else.