Chapter 12
This was a system of trade and expansion that linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Atlantic System
Roughly starting around the sixteenth (albeit some historians place the start back in the 1400s), this drastic climate change had political consequences.
Little Ice Age
Intellectual movement in eighteenth-century Europe, which extended the methods of the natural sciences, especially physics, to society, stressing natural laws and reason as the basis of authority.
Enlightenment
Domestic and international trade unencumbered by tariff barriers, quotas, and fees.
Laissez-faire or free trade
Karl Marx referred to the industrial workers as this. He also thought that they would lead a revolution against capitalism.
Proletarians
Hernan Cortes men, with help from Tlaxcalans were able to overtake the ______________, in their capital city of Tenochtitlan.
Aztec Empire
This was the last dynasty to rule China from 1644 until 1911. The Manchu ruled over China and incorporated new territories and saw substantial population growth.
Qing Dynasty
Emperor Shah Jahan had this built during the seventeenth century for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
Taj Mahal
Philosophers Thomas Hobbs, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all provided interpretations of the __________________________, which differences highlight the different periods they lived in.
Social Contract
This stressed the absolute oneness of Allah and severely criticized Sufi sects for extolling the lives of saints over the worship of God.
Wahhabism
Distinct biological systems, including humans, that have formed in response to shared physical conditions.
Biomes
Military men who ruled Egypt as an independent regime from 1250 until the Ottoman conquest in 1517.
Mamluks
Transferring knowledge about biological, chemical, and botanical resources from one location on the planet to another with commercial aims, especially in agriculture and pharmaceuticals.
Bioprospecting
This drastic shift combined all three of these decisive forces: the application of energy sources like coal that allowed production in more efficient locations, the use of machinery to augment the productivity of specialized labor, and the deployment of interchangeable parts that made machinery more effective and cheaper to use.
Industrial Revolution
Stressed the primacy of economics and technology—and, above all, class conflict—in shaping human history
Marxism
The Catholic Church's plans for this movement were laid out at the Council of Trent in 1563.
Counter-Reformation
Economic theory that drove European empire builders. In this economic system, the world had a fixed amount of wealth, which meant one country’s wealth came at the expense of another’s.
Mercantilism
Islamic mystics who stressed contemplation and ecstasy through poetry, music, and dance.
Sufis
The idea that the power of the state resides in the people.
Popular Sovereignty
Political and social theory that advocates representative government, free trade, and freedom of speech and religion.
Liberalism
A religious movement that started in the early sixteenth century by Martin Luther stressed that all Christians could speak directly to God and thus be able to read the bible themselves.
Protestant Reformation
This was a European rivalry that encompassed battles from 1756 to 1763. It was known as the French and Indian War in North America.
Seven Years' war
The principles for this were first laid out by Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) who claimed that real science entailed the formulation of hypotheses that could be tested in carefully controlled experiments.
Scientific Method
After taking the title of Emperor of France, he would go on to centralize the government administration, establish a civil legal code, and put security as a priority rather than social reform.
Napoleon Bonaparte
This occurred in the mid-nineteenth century and claimed to usher in a new era of economic and social justice. In all, at least twenty million people died during this political upheaval.
Taiping Rebellion