Theorists
Sigmund Freud
Child Observes other children as they play they may speak to the other children but do not get involved in their activity. Child's attention is strongly focused on a particular activity - close enough to see everything and interact verbally.
Onlooker Play
Daniel Goleman (1999) identified 5 areas of emotional intelligence:
1. Knowing One’s Emotions
2. Managing Emotions
3. Motivating Oneself
4. Recognizing Emotions in Others
5. Handling Relationships
Child avoids contact with mother, especially at a reunion after an absence. They do not resist the mother’s efforts to make contact, but do not seek much contact. The child shows no preference for the mother over the stranger.
Detached Avoidant Attachment
The Big Five Personality Traits, are a psychological model that describes five broad dimensions of personality
1. Conscientiousness – impulsive, disorganized
vs. disciplined, careful
2. Agreeableness – suspicious, uncooperative vs.
trusting, helpful
3. Neuroticism – calm, confident vs. anxious,
pessimistic
4. Openness to Experience – prefers routine,
practical vs. imaginative, spontaneous
5. Extraversion – reserved, thoughtful vs. sociable,
fun-loving
Hierarchy Of Theory (Basic Food, Shelter, Safety, Love & Belonging)
Abraham Maslow
Child Plays in a group that is organized for a particular purpose. The group is organized and controlled by children they play together. Usually evolves into group play and board games.
Cooperative Play
Refers to the ability to express one's emotional state and communicate one's feelings.
What is Emotional Literacy?
Child shows dazed behavior, confusion, or apprehension. The child may also show contradictory behavior patterns simultaneously, such as moving towards their mother while keeping their gaze averted.
Disorganized Disoriented Attachment
Five Key Dimensions of Temperament
Activity Level
Approach / Positive Emotionality
Inhibition and Anxiety
Negative Emotionality / Irritability / Anger
Effortful Control / Task Persistence
A Learning Theorist is best known as the psychologist responsible for learning theories that transition behaviorism and observational learning, also referred to as social learning theory.
Known as: Modelling and Reinforcements
Albert Bandura
Child plays alone and is independent of other children.
Child plays independly but it with other children side by side. Children uses the same kind of play materials as others.
Solitary Play
Parallel Play
When you put something on the end of the infant’s nose and put her back in front of the mirror, at 9-12 months most infants will reach for the baby in the mirror, not recognizing it as themselves. When this experiment is repeated with a 21-month old child, 75% of toddlers reach for their own noses to touch the spot. Toddlers usually begin to refer to themselves by name at about the same time that they begin to recognize themselves in the mirror.
Object Permanence
The child readily separates from their mother and easily becomes absorbed in exploration of the environment. When threatened or frightened the child actively seeks to re-establish physical contact with their mother. The child does not avoid or resist contact if the mother initiates it. When reunited with their mother after an absence the child greets her positively, and will be easily soothed if upset. The child prefers their mother to a stranger.
Secure Attachment
3 Styles of Parenting
1. Authoritarian
2. Authoritative
3. Permissive
The Four Stages of Cognitive Theory:
1. Sensorimotor Stage
2. Pre-Operational Stage
3. Concrete Stage
4. Formal Stage
Jean Piaget
Child is not playing. Child may glance around not focusing on anyone activity for very long. They may play with their clothing, wander around or follow the teacher. Child shows little interest in or gives little long-term attention to any activity.
Unoccupied Play
Benefits of Observation Methods
To learn about children and their development
To understand each individual child
To track developmental patterns
To uncover the process of learning
To identify any causes for concern
Are with parents, teachers, older siblings. Involve an attachment to someone who has greater social power. Are complementary rather than reciprocal. Have a bond between the two parties that is extremely powerful in both directions. Are necessary for providing the child with protection and security.
Are with peers in the same age group. Involve individuals who have identical social power. Are reciprocal and equal. Has behaviour between the participants that comes from the same selection of potential behaviours. Allows children to practice social skills (cooperation, competition, making connections …)
Vertical Relationships
Horizontal Relationships
A Mother Health Post-Partum Depression includes feelings of:
Mild to severe low moods
Emotional difficulties – tearfulness, irritability, etc.
Anxiety
Sleep difficulties
The Zone Of Proximodistal
Scaffolding
Lev Vygotsky
Children play with each other and talk about what they are doing, they will exchange play materials follow each other around and control who is allowed in the group. A transition from parallel to cooperative play.
Associative Play
Ruler for Teaching Emotional Intelligence
Recognizing emotions in oneself and others;
Understanding the causes and consequences of emotions;
Labeling emotions accurately;
Expressing emotions in ways that are appropriate for the time, place, and culture;
Regulating emotions.
The child does shows only a little exploration with the toys and is wary of the stranger. They are greatly upset when they are separated from their mother. However, they are not reassured by the mother’s return, or by her efforts to comfort. The child both seeks and avoids contact at different times. The child may show anger toward the mother at reunion, and resists both comfort from and contact with strangers.
What is A Father Involvement with young children?
Father involvement in early childhood development improves a child’s cognitive and learning abilities. The presence of a father strengthens family bonds. Fathers improve social competence. Fathers can affect children’s view on gender and role values.