Early Native American Cultures
This mound-building culture flourished in the Mississippi River Valley and is known for their large earthen mounds.
Mississippian Culture
This Italian explorer sailed under the Spanish flag and reached the New World in 1492, though he believed he had found a new route to Asia.
Christopher Columbus
In 1585, this Englishman attempted to establish the first permanent English colony in the Americas, which ultimately failed.
Sir Walter Raleigh?
This powerful confederacy of tribes in the Northeast was involved in both trade and warfare with European settlers, often forming alliances with the French.
Iroquois Confederacy?
In 1519, this Aztec emperor welcomed Hernán Cortés, unaware that the Spanish were planning to conquer his empire.
Montezuma ll
This tribe, native to the Pacific Northwest, is known for their totem poles and potlatches.
Kwakiutl?
In 1513, this Spanish explorer became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean, claiming it for Spain.
Who is Vasco Núñez de Balboa?
This "Lost Colony" on Roanoke Island vanished without a trace in the late 16th century, leaving only the word "Croatoan" carved on a post.
Roanoke
These Native American warriors were located in the Great Plains and had a close relationship with the bison, which they relied on for food, clothing, and tools.
Sioux?
This 1492 event led to the end of Muslim rule in Spain and the completion of the Christian Reconquista.
Fall of Granada
Before European arrival, this region was home to many groups such as the Iroquois, Algonquian, and Huron.
Northeast
The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, divided the newly discovered lands between Spain and this European nation.
Portugal
This colony, founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company, was the first permanent English settlement in North America.
Jamestown
This term refers to the exchange of goods, plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World after Columbus' voyages.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The Spanish missionary this man founded in 1606, became one of the first successful settlements in California.
Junípero Serra?
This civilization, located in present-day Mexico, developed advanced agricultural techniques, a written language, and monumental architecture.
Aztecs?
This Portuguese explorer was the first to sail around the southern tip of Africa, opening a sea route to Asia in 1498.
Vasco De Gama
The English king who sanctioned the establishment of the Jamestown colony in 1607 was James I, after whom this state is named.
Virginia
The introduction of this deadly disease by Europeans caused the deaths of millions of Native Americans, significantly reducing their populations.
SmallPox
This event, in 1588, was a failed invasion by Spain intended to conquer England and restore Catholicism, marking the end of Spain's dominance in Europe.
Spanish America
This ancient Native American civilization, located in present-day Arizona and New Mexico, is known for its cliff dwellings and advanced irrigation systems.
Ancestral Puebloans
This Portuguese explorer was the first to successfully navigate the sea route to India, establishing Portugal’s dominance in the spice trade during the 15th century.
Vasco De Gama
This economic theory, dominant during England’s early attempts at colonization, justified establishing overseas settlements to supply raw materials and serve as markets for finished goods.
Mercantillism
In 1622, the Powhatan Confederacy launched this conflict against English settlers in Virginia, which led to a shift in relations from cooperation to violent conflict between the two groups.
Powhatan Uprising
In 1517, this German monk's 95 Theses sparked the Protestant Reformation, which would have profound effects on Europe and, eventually, on colonial settlement in the Americas.
Martin Luther