12.4 Key Terms
unchanging principles, discovered through reason, that govern all human conduct
What is natural law?
outlined his work in Leviathan in 1651
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
nation's power is defined by its wealth
ruler of Spain
Who is Philip II?
reduction in number of people in an area
an agreement by which people give up their freedom for an organized society
What is social contract?
believed people have natural rights of life, liberty, and property
Who is John Locke?
What is free market?
referred to himself as the Sun King
Who is Louis XIV?
authority to rule comes directly from God
What is divine right?
French philosophers that felt nothing was beyond the reach of human reason
What is a philosophe?
believed in separation of powers/branches of government
Who is Montesquieu?
Adam Smith favored this
What is a free enterprise system?
was 7 feet tall and used westernization to grow Russia
Who is Peter the Great?
adoption of Western ideas, technology and culture
What is westernization?
economic policy allowing businesses to operate with little or no government interference
What is laissez faire?
said "I disapprove of what you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it"
Who is Voltaire?
manufacturing, trade, wages, profits, and economic growth are all linked to this
What is supply and demand?
Peter's successor; born in Germany; embraced reform
Who is Catherine the Great?
Protestants who differed with the Church of England
What is dissenter?
informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes and others exchanged ideas
What is salons?
believed people in their natural state were basically good
Who is Rousseau?
King Louis XIV's brilliant finance minister that helped the French economy grow
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
gained loyalty of junker class by giving them positions in the army and government
Who is Frederick William I?
a government in which the ruling power belongs to a few people
What is an oligarchy?